Table 1.

Summary of recent results obtained from preclinical models, healthy populations and those with chronic diseases, such as depression or cardiovascular disease, during female-specific reproductive events.

Reproductive event associated with greater risk for depression and CVD in women	Change to inflammatory markers
	Pro-inflammatory	Anti-inflammatory
Oral contraceptive use	↑ CRP, uric acid ↕ PAI-1
Perinatal depression	↑ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-15, IL-18, IL-23, IL-33, PAI-1, CCL3	↓ IL-10
Gestational diabetes	↑ IL-6, IL-12, CRP, TNF-α	↓ IL-4, IL-10
Preeclampsia	↑ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CRP, TNF-α, IFN-γ	↑ IL-10
Menopausal transition	↑ sTNFR1, sTNFR2, glycoprotein acetyls, haptoglobin ↓ CRP, IL-1α, IL-3 ↕ IL-8

Changes to inflammatory markers vary depending on the population studied, type and timing of sample collection.

CCL3, chemokine ligand 3; CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1; sTNFR1, soluble TNF-receptor 1; sTNFR2, soluble TNF-receptor 2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.