Table 1.
Study | Journal | Study Design | Test Model | Fixed-Length Loop | Adjustable-Length Loop | Sample Size for Each Device | Preload | Cyclic Testing | Pulled to Failure, mm/min | Outcome Measureb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Noonan (2016)5 | Arthroscopy | CLS | Device only; device–bone graft construct | EndoButton | TightRope | 5 | 10-50 N for 10 cycles | 50-250 N for 1000 cycles | 50 | 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 |
Kamelger (2009)4 | Arthroscopy | CLS | Device only; device–bone graft construct | EndoButton; RetroButton | ToggleLoc | 6 | 50 N | 50-250 N at 1 Hz for 1000 cycles | 20 | 2, 5, 7, 8 |
Cheng (2018)2 | Int Orthop | CLS | Device only | EndoButton | TightRope; GraftMax | 8 | 10-50 N at 1 Hz for 10 cycles | 50-250 N for 1000 cycles | 50 | 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 |
Smith (2018)6 | Orthop J Sports Med | CLS | Device–bone graft construct | EndoButton; RetroButton | TightRope; GraftMax; Ultrabutton | 8 | 80 N for 5 min | 10-250 N at 0.75 Hz for 1000 cycles | 50 | 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 |
aCLS, comparative laboratory study.
bOutcome measure: (1) preconditioning displacement or initial displacement; (2) motion per cycle; (3) dynamic elongation; (4) cumulative peak cyclic displacement or cyclic displacement; (5) total displacement; (6) force loss; (7) ultimate failure load or ultimate strength; (8) stiffness or linear stiffness; (9) failure type.