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. 2019 Apr 22;3(6):812–824. doi: 10.1002/hep4.1357

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© 2019 The Authors. Hepatology Communications published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Prospective and retrospective analysis of responses to booster vaccination. We analyzed 62 booster‐vaccinated workers: 30 persons treated with Bimmugen in 2015 and 32 persons treated with Heptavax‐Ⅱ in 2016. No significant difference was observed in the acquired anti‐HBs antibody titers. (A) The frequencies of total cTfh cells, cTfh1 cells, and cTfh17 cells were significantly reduced by HB booster vaccination, whereas the frequency of cTfh2 cells increased. (B) Only modest increases in ASCs were observed after HB booster vaccination. (C) Significant activation, measured as HLA‐DR expression, was observed among Bmem cells but not among ASCs after booster vaccination. (D) In a proportion of booster‐vaccinated individuals, the reduction in anti‐HBs was inversely associated with the preexisting Bmem cell frequency 1 year after booster vaccinations by both Bimmugen (n = 17) and Heptavax‐Ⅱ (n = 12). Percentage reduction in anti‐HBs = 100 × (initially acquired anti‐HBs − anti‐HBs antibody titer 1 year after vaccination)/initially acquired anti‐HBs. (E) Among the 346 individuals who were vaccinated twice, 33 never acquired anti‐HBs (Fail/Fail), 73 acquired anti‐HBs after the second vaccination (Fail/Success), and 240 acquired anti‐HBs after both vaccinations (Success/Success). (F) Among the 106 individuals who failed to acquire anti‐HBs after their first series of vaccinations, 47 were vaccinated with the same vaccine and 59 with a different vaccine. Different vaccines induced detectable anti‐HBs more effectively (48/59, 81.4%) than the same vaccines (25/47, 53.2%) (P = 0.0029). (G) The first and second anti‐HBs antibody titers in 240 individuals who acquired anti‐HBs twice were compared. The second vaccination induced significantly higher anti‐HBs antibody titers than the first (P < 0.0001), especially when different vaccines were used (P = 0.0266). Boxplot shows median ± interquartile range and whisker shows min to max. Abbreviations: gMFI, geometric mean fluorescence intensity; Post, after vaccination; Pre, prevaccination.