Fig. 2.

Placental and umbilical cord histopathology; normal placental tissue (a) with vascularized villi and intrauterine growth-restricted placental tissue (b) with hypovascularization and intervillous fibrin deposition (HE, 200×). Different coiling patterns (c) that can distort vessel cross-section and an obliterated, star-shaped umbilical artery lumen (d) with perivascular hematoma and asymmetrical vessel wall (HE, 400×). Perivascular hematoma is the result of intrapartum pulling of the umbilical cord.