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The glucose-insulin control network. Network in health (A) and type 1 diabetes (B). The pathways marked with (+) exert positive influence on blood glucose (BG) levels; the pathways marked with (-) lower BG. In type 1 diabetes, all insulin-dependent glucose-lowering pathways are nonfunctional because of a lack of endogenous insulin secretion. Thus, exogenous insulin replacement is mandatory.
