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Risks of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. The blood glucose (BG) risk function (A) increases steeply when BG levels descend into the hypoglycemic range, and more gradually with the onset of hyperglycemia. Control modules used by artificial pancreas algorithms (B) employ the risk function as a cost function defining algorithm action. The set point of the controller is a zero-risk value and the algorithm aggressiveness is determined by the steepness of the cost function.
