Table 2.

Factors associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) in older women.

Reference	Aims	Sample	Design	Associated factors
[14]	To estimate the prevalence of frailty in older adults. To describe the association between frailty and domestic violence including IPV.	N = 2002 (1047 women) Aged 65-74 Albania, Brazil, Canada, Colombia	Cross sectional study based on data from International Mobility in Aging Study.	-Psychological IPV is associated with frailty.
[18]	To identify correlates of current and past violence by intimate partners and family member(s) in community-dwelling Canadian seniors, while accounting for childhood adverse circumstances.	N = 398 (210 women) Aged 65-74 Canada	Cross-sectional study (baseline data from the International Mobility in Aging Study IMIAS).	-Lifetime IPV was associated with: being female, alcohol consumption, obesity and having experienced lifetime family violence from a family member.
[25]	To examine prevalence of and associated factors for IPV among older women attending an emergency department and primary care in an urban setting.	N = 620 Aged 50-64 USA	Cross-sectional study.	-Factors associated with IPV included recent history of homelessness, and HIV seropositivity.
[26]	To report rates of self-reported IPV with a focus on verbal abuse among older women in a private tertiary women’s health clinic.	N = 1389 Aged 50-90 USA	Cross-sectional questionnaire study.	-The following factors were associated with verbal abuse in multivariate analyses: alcoholism and physical abuse. -Marriage appeared to be a protective factor against verbal abuse.
[30]	To describe the association between gender, socioeconomic status and social support structures with domestic violence in older people.	N = 1995 (1040 women) Aged 65-74 Albania, Brazil, Canada, Colombia	Cross sectional study based on data from International Mobility in Aging Study.	-Low and mid-levels of partner support were associated with greater odds of psychological IPV amongst older women.
[31]	To examine the differences between older and younger women who use IPV services.	N = 5,235 2,495 Aged 18-64 2,740 Aged 65+ USA	Cohort study.	-Factors associated with IPV in older women included: White ethnicity, and special needs or disabilities.
[32]	To examine the trajectory of, and community responses to, violence in late life in rural Kentucky.	Focus groups: N = 24 professionals working with women experiencing IPV Individual interviews: N = 10 rural women experiencing IPV Aged 50-69 USA	Qualitative study (focus groups & in-depth interviews).	-Associated factors included: living in multiple abusive households since childhood, and drug and alcohol use by the perpetrator enhancing the violence.
[33]	To examine the experiences of women aged fifty and older who had experienced IPV.	N = 64 Aged 50-87 Canada	Qualitative action-research study.	-Associated factors included: having a history of previous abusive relationships and retirement.
[34]	To explore the experiences of psychological violence perpetrated by a partner amongst older women.	N = 15 Aged 60-81 Canada	Qualitative semi-structured interviews.	-Control dynamics of IPV increased at retirement, when children left home and when partners experienced poorer health.
[35]	To explore the attitudes to, and experience of menopause among Macedonian women.	N = 81 Aged 45-75 Australia	Qualitative study (unstructured group discussions).	-Shift in male attitudes to regarding women as “non-sexual” around the menopause was seen as a precipitating factor in domestic violence.
[36]	To describe the experiences of older women who participated in a hospital-based domestic violence intervention program.	N = 4 Aged 63-73 Canada	Qualitative interview study.	-Marriage being viewed as a licence to abuse.
[37]	To capture women’s perspectives on the experience of domestic violence in later life.	N = 135 Aged 45-85 18 “non-victim” focus groups 3 “known-victim” focus groups USA	Qualitative focus group study (Domestic Violence Against Older Women study).	-Power and control was identified as a major theme underlying abuse and sub-themes included deep-seated inclination to be submissive, low self-esteem, and belief in the sanctity of marriage.