Table 6.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) in older women from key populations.

Reference	Aims	Sample	Design	Findings
[20]	To examine experiences and perceptions of domestic violence among older Chinese immigrants.	N = 77 men and women Number of women not reported Aged 50-86 USA	Analysis of cross-sectional data from larger survey of Chinese Americans, disaggregated by gender.	-7.1% of women had experienced minor physical violence by their spouses in the last 12 months, 14.3% women had lifetime experience of minor physical violence. -Gender and acculturation were associated with perceptions and attitudes towards domestic violence.
[29]	To identify the prevalence of past-year IPV amongst women veterans utilizing the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) primary care, and to identify the associated demographic, military and primary care characteristics.	N = 6287 women veterans Aged 18-65+ (exact age range not given). USA	Retrospective cohort based on a telephone survey linked to administrative data in the year prior to the survey.	-Past year prevalence of IPV 18.5%. -Higher rates in younger women aged up to 55. -Associated factors include economic hardship, lesbian/bisexual, parent/guardian of a child aged <18, experiences of military sexual trauma, <10 years of service. -Women experiencing IPV had more primary care visits, but lower continuity of care across providers.
[46]	To identify and explore the needs of older and isolated women who live with domestic violence.	N = 90 Aged 50-78 Australia	Mixed methods qualitative study (face to face interviews, focus groups, national phone-in).	-Issues of particular relevance to women from rural and remote areas include: geographical isolation and lack of transport; conservative and patriarchal rural culture with women being expected to live and cope with adversity and to overcome all difficulties without complaining or giving in; large numbers of licensed and unlicensed guns, leading to more violent abuse; too few resources/ services such as medical, housing, leisure; “small town syndrome” resulting in a lack of confidentiality; and poverty associated with high unemployment levels.
[47]	To identify opportunities and challenges in promoting community support for rural older women experiencing IPV.	N = 72 service providers, 10 women with experience of IPV Aged 54-70 USA	Mixed methods community-based participatory research study: literature search cross-sectional survey, focus groups, individual interviews, workshops.	-Key findings from service providers included limited awareness about IPV in older women including services available and stereotyped notions of associated factors. -Key findings amongst older women who had experienced IPV included underreporting; resisting help until violence was life-threatening as well as a need for discreet information about service; improved professional sensitivity and more appropriate housing options; cycle of violence - many women had experienced family violence early in their lives.
[49]	To explore older immigrant women’s experiences of and responses to abuse and neglect in one community.	N = 43 Sri Lankan immigrant women Aged 48-85 Canada	Qualitative study (focus groups & interviews).	-Older women experienced various forms of neglect and abuse and their primary abusers were husbands, children and children in law. -Their community and Canadian society at large contributed to experiences of abuse. -Women’s responses to abuse were shaped by multi-level factors. -In responding to abuse, older immigrant women showed remarkable resilience.
[61]	To describe the types of IPV and sexual HIV-risk factors reported by the sample and to provide estimates of the associations between experiencing IPV in a primary heterosexual relationship and HIV-risk indicators.	N = 139 African American and Latina women Aged 50-83 USA	Cross-sectional survey.	-Older women who experience IPV are at elevated risk for HIV. -Factors associated with IPV were multiple partners within the last year, having a primary partner engaging in HIV risk behaviours/HIV positive. -Women with multiple sexual partners were more likely to report lifetime IPV. perpetrated by their primary partners -Women in relationships with partners with known HIV risk were more likely to report lifetime IPV.