TABLE 2.

Model Outcomes in a Mega-Analysis of Brain Morphometry in Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Healthy Control Subjects^a

Region and Structure	Control Group (N)	ASD Group (N)	Diagnosis		Age		Age by Diagnosis	Sex		IQ
			Cohen’s d	pb	Cohen’s d	pb	pb	Cohen’s d	pb	Cohen’s d	pb
Subcortical
Lateral ventricles	1,569	1,482	0.11	0.010	0.16	0.001	0.529	−0.10	0.064	0.17	0.050
Thalamus	1,597	1,494	0.00	0.989	0.07	0.042	0.654	−0.11	0.034	0.01	0.110
Caudate	1,604	1,517	−0.05	0.206	−0.19	0.001	0.230	−0.15	0.003	0.00	0.150
Putamen	1,600	1,518	−0.10	0.013	−0.12	0.001	0.882	−0.22	<0.001	0.00	0.140
Pallidum	1,596	1,509	−0.08	0.046	−0.26	0.001	0.261	0.01	0.839	0.00	0.140
Hippocampus	1,595	1,507	−0.05	0.222	0.14	0.001	0.521	−0.05	0.310	0.02	0.100
Amygdala	1,601	1,508	−0.08	0.046	0.13	0.001	0.230	−0.16	0.002	0.01	0.110
Nucleus accumbens	1,596	1,518	−0.13	0.002	−0.19	0.001	0.230	−0.22	<0.001	0.13	0.060
Intracranial volume	1,606	1,522	0.13	0.009	0.14	0.001	0.261	−0.24	<0.001	0.02	0.100
Frontal
Superior frontal	1,574	1,657	0.17	<0.001	−0.30	<0.001	<0.001	0.08	0.039	−0.03	0.731
Rostral middle frontal	1,572	1,658	0.20	<0.001	−0.39	<0.001	<0.001	0.03	0.379	−0.02	0.818
Caudal middle frontal	1,574	1,656	0.08	0.057	−0.24	<0.001	<0.001	0.08	0.025	0.05	0.397
Pars triangularis	1,572	1,653	0.11	0.006	−0.31	<0.001	<0.001	0.03	0.342	−0.01	0.818
Pars orbitalis	1,573	1,656	0.12	0.002	−0.28	<0.001	<0.001	0.03	0.490	−0.07	0.319
Pars opercularis	1,572	1,654	0.01	0.733	−0.25	<0.001	0.002	0.00	0.920	0.00	0.982
Medial orbitofrontal	1,572	1,656	0.15	<0.001	−0.37	<0.001	<0.001	−0.03	0.406	−0.09	0.143
Lateral orbitofrontal	1,574	1,655	0.05	0.294	−0.32	<0.001	<0.001	−0.03	0.367	−0.02	0.805
Precentral	1,569	1,655	−0.06	0.132	−0.10	0.006	0.544	0.04	0.239	0.12	0.020
Paracentral	1,574	1,653	−0.01	0.733	−0.29	<0.001	<0.001	0.02	0.492	0.06	0.362
Frontal pole	1,568	1,655	0.10	0.011	−0.25	<0.001	<0.001	−0.02	0.567	−0.02	0.805
Insula
Insula	1,567	1,651	−0.07	0.113	−0.13	<0.001	0.454	−0.05	0.195	−0.02	0.818
Cingulate
Rostral anterior	1,569	1,652	0.02	0.585	−0.20	<0.001	0.008	0.02	0.541	−0.08	0.228
(frontal)
Caudal anterior	1,566	1,651	0.03	0.523	−0.16	<0.001	0.012	0.05	0.197	−0.08	0.228
(frontal)
Posterior (parietal)	1,568	1,657	0.13	0.002	−0.22	<0.001	0.002	0.02	0.634	−0.06	0.375
Isthmus (parietal)	1,572	1,650	0.08	0.044	−0.21	<0.001	0.001	−0.02	0.542	−0.02	0.787
Parietal
Superior parietal	1,572	1,654	−0.01	0.819	−0.34	<0.001	<0.001	0.06	0.107	−0.01	0.846
Inferior parietal	1,572	1,657	0.02	0.639	−0.32	<0.001	<0.001	0.01	0.713	−0.02	0.805
Supramarginal	1,572	1,652	−0.07	0.079	−0.27	<0.001	<0.001	0.00	0.992	0.03	0.726
Postcentral	1,569	1,655	−0.03	0.523	−0.25	<0.001	<0.001	0.03	0.467	0.02	0.787
Precuneus	1,573	1,658	0.03	0.526	−0.34	<0.001	<0.001	0.04	0.287	−0.06	0.362
Temporal
Superior temporal	1,569	1,652	−0.08	0.062	−0.04	0.313	0.387	0.00	0.942	0.05	0.397
Middle temporal	1,570	1,653	−0.10	0.014	−0.14	<0.001	0.150	0.02	0.540	0.07	0.319
Inferior temporal	1,571	1,655	−0.14	<0.001	−0.15	<0.001	0.044	−0.05	0.154	−0.05	0.453
Banks of the superior	1,562	1,647	−0.03	0.523	−0.15	<0.001	0.098	−0.02	0.555	0.03	0.787
temporal sulcus
Fusiform	1,570	1,655	−0.19	<0.001	−0.17	<0.001	0.024	−0.06	0.097	−0.01	0.914
Transverse temporal	1,574	1,655	−0.12	0.003	−0.16	<0.001	0.039	0.09	0.010	0.05	0.397
Entorhinal	1,559	1,641	−0.21	<0.001	0.00	0.947	0.683	−0.01	0.823	0.05	0.453
Temporal pole	1,565	1,648	−0.13	0.001	0.03	0.424	0.481	−0.03	0.345	0.03	0.731
Parahippocampal	1,569	1,653	−0.10	0.014	−0.06	0.123	0.556	0.05	0.157	0.05	0.453
Occipital
Lateral occipital	1,569	1,652	−0.05	0.202	−0.21	<0.001	<0.001	−0.02	0.526	−0.02	0.787
Lingual	1,572	1,655	−0.04	0.417	−0.24	<0.001	<0.001	−0.03	0.478	−0.01	0.883
Cuneus	1,571	1,651	0.07	0.086	−0.27	<0.001	<0.001	0.01	0.786	−0.07	0.278
Pericalcarine	1,571	1,648	0.00	0.934	−0.11	0.003	0.150	0.05	0.160	0.00	0.987

^aModels include polynomial effects of age and IQ as well as fixed effects for sex and a random effect for scan site in the main regression model. All subcortical volumes are corrected for total intracranial volume. All cortical thickness values are corrected for mean cortical thickness. No significant effects on cortical surface area were observed. For the effect of age, positive d values indicate increasing volumes with higher age. For the effect of sex, negative d values indicate larger values in males. For the effect of IQ, positive d values indicate higher volume associated with higher IQ.

^bAll p values are corrected for false discovery rate.s