TABLE 3.
HRs (95% CIs) for nonfermented milk by fat content and all-cause mortality in all participants and consumers reporting intake of one milk type exclusively calculated from Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for potential confounders1
| HR by milk fat content | |||
| High fat (3%) | Medium fat (1.5%) | Low fat (0.5%) | |
| All subjects | |||
| Participants (reported intake ≥1 time/wk),2 n | 16,183 | 62,856 | 24,699 |
| Mortality cases, n (%) | 1551 (9.6) | 3875 (6.2) | 1829 (7.4) |
| HR (95% CI)3 | |||
| Crude model | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18)*** | 1.05 (1.01, 1.08)** | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10)* |
| Adjusted model | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14)** | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) |
| Subjects with exclusive milk-type preference2 | |||
| Participants (reported intake ≥1 time/wk), n | 6177 | 27,966 | 6566 |
| Mortality cases, n (%)2 | 710 (11.5) | 1769 (6.3) | 569 (8.7) |
| HR (95% CI)3 | |||
| Crude model | 1.12 (1.05, 1.19)*** | 1.13 (1.08, 1.19)*** | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18)* |
| Adjusted model | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14)** | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) |
Crude models were adjusted for age and sex and adjusted models were further adjusted for BMI, screening year, smoking, education, and energy intake. Participants with missing values for these covariates were excluded in all models. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
Additional adjustment for physical activity with exclusions made for missing information did not affect any HR. Models including all subjects and missing values as a dummy category only affected the HR (95% CI) by 1 unit of the second decimal.
Energy and dairy intakes were included as reported intakes per day as continuous variables.