TABLE 4.

Relative associations of nonfermented milk intake by fat content and all-cause mortality in consumers reporting intake of one milk type exclusively calculated from Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for potential confounders¹

	HR between milk type2
	High fat (3%)	Medium fat (1.5%)	Low fat (0.5%)	P-trend
Participants (reporting intake ≥1 time/wk), n	6177	27,966	6566	—
Mortality cases, n (%)	710 (11.5)	1769 (6.3)	569 (8.7)	—
HR (95% CI)2
Crude model	Reference	0.78 (0.71, 0.85)***	0.84 (0.75, 0.94)**	0.002
Adjusted model	Reference	0.90 (0.82, 0.98)*	0.94 (0.84, 1.05)	0.101

¹Crude model was adjusted for age and sex, and the adjusted model was further adjusted for BMI, screening year, smoking, education, and energy intake. Participants with missing values for these covariates were excluded in all models. P-trend values were calculated by treating categories of milk as a continuous variable (i.e., high fat = 1, medium fat = 2, and low fat = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

²Milk type was included in the model as a categorical variable, and high-fat nonfermented milk intake is the reference. The analyses were restricted to consumers reporting exclusive intake of high-, medium-, or low-fat nonfermented milk ≥1 time/wk. Energy was included as reported intake per day as a continuous variable. Additional adjustment for physical activity with exclusions made for missing information did not affect any HR. Models including all subjects and missing values as dummy categories only affected the HR and 95% CI by 1 unit of the second decimal.