Table 1.

In Vivo Viral Infection Pathogenesis^a

Virus	Genus	Family	Reservoir	Route of infection	Cellular tropism	Effects on neural cells	Refs
Poliovirus	Enterovirus	Picomaviridae	Humans	NMJs, BBB	Neurons	Inhibits proliferation	[4]
Coxsackievirus			Humans	BBB	NSPC, neurons	Inhibits proliferation	[93]
TMEV	Cardiovirus		Rodents	BBB	Neurons (acute), oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes (chronic)	Oligodendrocyte and neuronal apoptosis, axonal degeneration, demyelination	[85]
EEEV	Alphavirus	Togaviridae	Mosquito	BBB	Neurons, astrocytes, microglia	Neuronal apoptosis	[5]
WEEV			Mosquito	BBB	Neurons	Neuronal apoptosis	[5,94]
VEEV			Mosquito	BBB	Neurons, astrocytes, microglia	Neuronal apoptosis	[5,7]
TBEV	Flavivirus	Flaviviridae	Ticks	BMVECs, circulating immune cells	Neurons	Neuronal apoptosis	[95]
JEV			Pigs, wild birds	Peripheral nerve, BBB, BMVECs	Neurons, NSPCs, astrocytes, microglia	Inhibits proliferation	[63]
WNV			Mosquito	Peripheral nerve, BBB, BMVECs	Neurons	Neuronal apoptosis, synaptic elimination	[8,9]
ZIKV			Mosquito	BMVECs	Neurons, astrocytes, NSPCs	Inhibits neural differentiation, NPSCs and neuronal apoptosis	[12,13]
LCMV	Arenavirus	Arenaviridae	Rodents	BBB	Immature glial cells, NSPCs	Inhibits neuronal differentiation	[44]
Measles virus	Morbillivirus	Paramyxoviridae	Unknown	BBB	Neurons (acute), oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, endothelial cells (chronic)	Neuronal apoptosis, demyelination	[96]
Rabies virus	Lyssavirus	Rhabdoviridae	Bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes	NMJs	Neurons	Neuronal apoptosis	[40]
HIV	Lentivirus	Retroviridae	Humans	BBB, circulating immune cells	Microglia, astrocytes, NSPCs	Neuronal apoptosis, inhibits neuronal differentiation, synaptic elimination	[80,81]

^aAbbreviations: JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; TBEV, tick-borne encephalitis virus; TMEV, Theiler’s encephalomyelitis virus; WNV, West Nile virus; ZIKV, Zika virus.