. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 3.

Published in final edited form as: Trends Mol Med. 2018 Oct 9;24(11):950–962. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.09.001

Table 2.

Neurotoxic Effects of Common Cytokines and Chemokines

Cytokine/chemokine	CNS origin	Neurotoxic effect	Refs
TNF	Microglia, astrocytes, neurons	Neuronal apoptosis, decreases neural proliferation and differentiation, and synaptic plasticity	[77,97]
IL-1β	Microglia, astrocytes, neurons	Neuronal apoptosis, decreases neural proliferation and differentiation, and neural migration, increases astrocyte differentiation	[69,94]
IL-6	Microglia, astrocytes, endothelial cells	Decreases neuronal proliferation and differentiation	[94]
INF-γ	Microglia, astrocytes	Decreases neuronal proliferation and differentiation	[97]
F1ANTES/CCL5	Microglia, astrocytes	Increases neuronal excitotoxicity	[59,79]
CXCL10	Microglia, astrocytes, neurons	Neuronal apoptosis	[61]
NO, ROS	Microglia, astrocytes	Neuronal apoptosis, increases neuronal excitotoxicity, decreases synaptic plasticity	[33]