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. 2019 Jun 3;9:8228. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44635-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Long-term potentiation (LTP) in contralateral hippocampal slices exposed to Aβ oligomers in the presence or absence of insulin. Schaffer collateral field recordings were performed to determine oligomer-induced LTP impairment in slices from sham and TBI animals. Graphs of fEPSP’s slopes as a percentage of the baseline with representative traces for each condition at (a) 1-month post-injury and (c) 3 months post-injury. Graphs showing the average of the fEPSP slope for the final 10 minutes (time points 50–60 minutes post high frequency stimulation) as an indication of LTP for each condition at (b) 1-month post-injury and (d) 3 months post-injury. 1 MPI n = 4 animals and 3–6 slices per condition; 3 MPI n = 3–5 animals and 3–7 slices per condition. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis was used to determine statistical significance. Error bars represent standard error. *p < 0.05.