Table 1.
Demographic characteristics
| Male, N (%) | Female, N (%) | p-Valuesa | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 212) | 96 (45%) | 116 (55%) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 50.7 (14.5) | 50.7 (14.1) | |
| Marital status | 0.502 | ||
| Single | 5 (5.2) | 5 (4.3) | |
| Married | 89 (91.7) | 102 (93.1) | |
| Widowed | 1 (1.0) | 3 (2.6) | |
| Divorced | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Education | <0.005 | ||
| Illiterate | 15 (15.5) | 40 (34.5) | |
| Elementary school | 19 (19.6) | 28 (24.3) | |
| Middle school | 30 (30.9) | 14 (12.1) | |
| High school | 19 (19.6) | 17 (14.6) | |
| Junior college, college, & above | 14 (14.4) | 17 (14.5) | |
| Anthropometrics | |||
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 23.6 (3.0) | 23 (3.0) | 0.185 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio, mean (SD) | 0.94 (0.07) | 0.89 (0.08) | <0.005 |
| Android fat ratio, mean (SD) | 12.5 (1.2) | 9.9 (1.4) | <0.005 |
| Gynoid fat ratio, mean (SD) | 15.9 (3.0) | 17.7 (3.0) | <0.005 |
| Life style behaviors | |||
| Daily carbohydrate intake (g), median (IQR) | 223.2 (114.6) | 182.0 (74.6) | <0.005 |
| Daily fat intake (g), median (IQR) | 29.6 (29.4) | 30.7 (29.3) | 0.999 |
| Current smoker | 71 (60.7) | 0 (0) | <0.005 |
| Current alcohol drinker | 81 (69.8) | 38(29.9) | <0.005 |
| Antibiotics use (past 3 months) | 15 (15.6) | 15 (12.9) | 0.717 |
| Disease history | |||
| Metabolic syndromeb | 16 (16.7) | 19 (16.4) | 0.999 |
| Type 2 diabetesc | 13 (20.0) | 9 (10.6) | 0.167 |
| Hypertensiond | 19 (19.8) | 15 (13.0) | 0.243 |
| Biomarkers | |||
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 5.4 (1.6) | 5.2 (0.9) | 0.190 |
| Insulin (pmol/L), mean (SD) | 40.6 (22.0) | 47.9 (20.5) | 0.020 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 5.0 (0.9) | 5.0 (0.8) | 0.992 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.5) | 0.146 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 2.8 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.7) | 0.390 |
| Hight-density lipoprotein (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.4) | <0.005 |
ap-values are from chi-square tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables by comparing the characteristics between men and women
bMetabolic syndrome was defined using International Diabetes Federation criteria for the Chinese population, all the measurements were taken at the baseline at the same time the stool samples were collected
cType 2 diabetes was defined as HbA1c ≥ 6.4%
dHypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg