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. 2019 Jun 3;9:8163. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44551-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Study 2. Rat lung at 5 minutes (A,B) and 7 days (C–F) post-instillation of 10 mg/kg BaSO₄ NPs. (A) BaSO₄ NPs are shown lining the alveolar walls of rat lung immediately (5 minutes) post-instillation. The majority of BaSO₄ NPs were located extracellularly. (B) Higher magnification of boxed area in panel A showing BaSO₄ particles (arrows). (C) At 7 days post-instillation, alveolar macrophages with engulfed BaSO₄ nanoparticles (arrows) within phagolysosomes. (D) Higher magnification of boxed area in panel C showing BaSO₄ particles (arrows) in membrane-bound phagosomes. (E) Type II epithelial cell with internalized BaSO₄ nanoparticles (arrows). (F) Higher magnification of boxed area in panel E showing BaSO₄ particles (arrows) in membrane-bound vesicles in type 2 epithelial cell cytoplasm.