SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis of selected positive anti-PD-L1 scFvs expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). a (i) represents expression and purification of scFv-B30, (ii) shows the expression and purification of scFv-C36 and (iii) represents expression and purification of scFv-B129. M represents molecular marker, 1 indicates the expressed proteins after sonication and lyses, 2–4 show washing of column via urea solution, 5–8 represents eluted products at different concentrations of imidazole (20 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, and 150 mM). a (iv) Represents the expression model of scFv. 1 represents expression without IPTG, 2 represents with IPTG, 3 shows expression in the supernatant, 4 represents expression in inclusive bodies. B30, B129, and C36 represent the final purified products after column purification and dialysis. b Represents bioactive confirmation of expressed purified scFvs with anti- 6xHis Tag Rabbit antibody