Table 1.

PISA variables used in the study.

Variable (scale)	Number of items	Scale reliability (α)
		FIN	KOR	USA
Mathematics anxiety	5	0.82	0.76	0.88
Mathematics performance	30a	0.92	0.93	0.93
Mathematics interest	4	0.90	0.91	0.91
Mathematics self-efficacy	8	0.85	0.89	0.85
Mathematics self-concept	5	0.92	0.88	0.90

^aNumber of items each student completed for the mathematics assessment.