Table 1.
Sample characteristics and significance of differences between the groups using ANOVA or the chi-square test.
| Prague | Towns | Villages | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 112 | 106 | 106 | |
| Age, years: M (SD) | 68.73 (3.52) | 68.42 (3.80) | 66.99 (3.43) | <0.001 |
| Women: n (%) | 60 (54%) | 54 (51%) | 53 (50%) | n.s. |
| Education, years: M (SD) | 14.07 (3.70) | 13.64 (3.48) | 13.04 (2.43) | n.s. |
| Lower education: n (%) | 53 (47%) | 53 (50%) | 52 (50%) | n.s. |
| Manual profession: n (%) | 45 (40%) | 48 (46%) | 50 (47%) | n.s. |
| Years in retirement: M (SD) Median [Min – Max] | 8.40 (4.71) 7.50 [2–26] | 9.38 (5.69) 8 [2–23] | 8.42 (6.72) 7 [2–35] | n.s. |
| Having a partner: n (%) | 84 (75%) | 82 (77%) | 90 (85%) | <0.01 |
| Living alone: n (%) | 33 (30%) | 28 (26%) | 10 (9%) | <0.001 |
| Perceived life pace: M (SD) Median [Min – Max] | 5.26 (1.59) 5 [2–8] | 5.76 (1.52) 6 [2–8] | 5.54 (1.70) 6 [2–8] | n.s. |
| Past activities: M (SD) Median [Min – Max] | 5.34 (1.84) 5.5 [1–9] | 5.39 (1.55) 5 [2–9] | 5.39 (1.55) 6 [1–8] | n.s. |
| Current activities: M (SD) Median [Min – Max] | 5.70 (1.54) 6 [1–9] | 5.43 (1.43) 6 [1–8] | 5.18 (1.49) 5 [1–9] | n.s. |
| GDS15: M (SD) Median [Min – Max] | 1.90 (1.88) 1 [0–10] | 2.04 (1.83) 2 [0–8] | 1.60 (1.64) 1 [0–9] | n.s. |
| Impediments: M (SD) Median [Min – Max] | 16.87 (3.42) 16 [10–25] | 16.40 (3.55) 16 [10–28] | 16.45 (3.44) 16 [10–25] | n.s. |
p-value = significance of the difference between the three groups (ANOVA, or Chi2 test for proportion variables); n.s. = non-significant, p > 0.1. Profession = manual or mental. Having a partner = irrespectively an official marital status. Living alone = living in an apartment or a house by oneself, without co-inhabitants. Perceived life pace (score 2–8; Likert-like scale, higher score for more hectic) = subjective level of time-demand at work and in life before retirement. Past = before retirement. Activities (score 0–9; yes/no for each) = number of regularly performed activities of attending a course at a University of the Third Age, attending other courses such as language or ICT, physical exercise, aerobic activity of medium intensity at least 2.5 h per week, hobby, using a computer, reading books, reading newspapers, and magazines, doing crossword puzzles or quizzes. GDS15: Geriatric Depression Scale -15. Impediments (score 7–35; Likert-like scale for each) = composed of subjective health status, current pain, sleeping problems, negative life events with emotional impact, mental health, anxiety for economic reasons, low-income objective problems (Georgi et al., 2018).