Table 3.
Clinical outcomes at 3 years according to use or non-use of MVI, B12, or MVI + B12
| No supplement | MVI | B12 | B12 + MVI | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 617) | (n = 466) | (n = 26) | (n = 38) | ||
| Changes in study outcome | |||||
| UPDRS total | 5.7 ± 11.7 | 6.3 ± 12.1 | 7.7 ± 17.1 | 5.1 ± 14.8 | 0.71 |
| UPDRS mental | 0.5 ± 1.6 | 0.5 ± 1.7 | 0.8 ± 2.3 | 0.3 ± 1.4 | 0.58 |
| UPDRS ADL | 2.1 ± 4.4 | 2.3 ± 4.6 | 3.5 ± 7.0 | 2.1 ± 5.9 | 0.39 |
| UPDRS motor | 3.1 ± 8.5 | 3.4 ± 8.7 | 3.4 ± 10.5 | 2.7 ± 9.6 | 0.89 |
| Ambulatory capacity | 0.7 ± 2.0 | 0.9 ± 2.2 | 1.2 ± 3.1 | 0.8 ± 2.6 | 0.63 |
| PDQ-39 summary | 4.5 ± 10.1 | 4.4 ± 9.6 | 8.8 ± 12.9 | 4.3 ± 10.6 | 0.19 |
| SDMT | -0.1 ± 9.1 | -0.5 ± 10.0 | -3.6 ± 13.1 | 2.1 ± 13.4 | 0.13 |
| Total daily LED | 299.3 ± 361.7 | 279.0 ± 350.0 | 260.8 ± 392.6 | 258.8 ± 406.8 | 0.73 |
| Third year UPDRS items | |||||
| UPDRS Item 1, intellectual > 0 | 270 (43.8) | 192 (41.2) | 11 (42.3) | 18 (47.4) | 0.79 |
| UPDRS Item 13, falls > 0 | 67 (10.9) | 58 (12.5) | 6 (23.1) | 6 (15.8) | 0.22 |
| UPDRS Item 14, freezing > 0 | 138 (22.4) | 124 (26.6) | 9 (34.6) | 5 (13.2) | 0.08 |
| UPDRS Item 15, walking > 0 | 480 (77.8) | 353 (75.8) | 19 (73.1) | 26 (68.4) | 0.52 |
| UPDRS Item 17, sensory > 0 | 245 (39.7) | 159 (34.1) | 8 (30.8) | 12 (31.6) | 0.21 |
| UPDRS Item 29, gait > 0 | 312 (50.6) | 237 (50.9) | 17 (65.4) | 22 (57.9) | 0.41 |
| UPDRS Item 30, instability > 0 | 129 (20.9) | 115 (24.7) | 6 (23.1) | 11 (29.0) | 0.39 |
Data are presented as a mean ± SD or number (percentage). F test was used for continuous variables and chi-square test was used for categorical variables. MVI: multivitamin, PD: Parkinson’s disease, DA tx: dopamine agonist therapy, UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, ADL: Activity of Daily Living, PDQ-39: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire, SDMT: Symbol Digit Modalities Test, LED: daily levodopa equivalent dose.