Table. Demographic Information and Clinical Test Scores for Each Diagnostic Groupa.
| Characteristic at Last Diagnostic Visit | ASD (n = 441) | ASD Features (n = 78) | DD (n = 89) | LD (n = 80) | Other (n = 91) | Typical Sibling (n = 51) | TD (n = 439) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 361 (81.9) | 68 (87.2) | 66 (74.2) | 58 (72.5) | 61 (67.0) | 26 (51.0) | 278 (65.6) |
| Female | 80 (18.1) | 10 (12.8) | 23 (25.8) | 22 (27.5) | 30 (33.0) | 25 (49.0) | 161 (36.7) |
| Age, mean (SD), mo | 42.84 (20.28) | 40.77 (17.61) | 35.91 (10.15) | 35.44 (11.42) | 42.92 (13.08) | 38.44 (13.76) | 37.10 (9.84) |
| Final DSM diagnosisb | |||||||
| DSM-IV | 135 | 19 | 24 | 23 | 34 | 26 | 202 |
| DSM-5 | 306 | 59 | 65 | 57 | 57 | 25 | 237 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 128 (29.0) | 17 (21.8) | 36 (40.4) | 38 (47.5) | 20 (22.0) | 15 (29.4) | 87 (19.8) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 263 (59.6) | 53 (67.9) | 47 (52.8) | 39 (48.8) | 64 (70.3) | 31 (60.8) | 325 (74.0) |
| Not reported | 50 (11.3) | 8 (10.3) | 6 (6.7) | 3 (3.8) | 7 (7.7) | 5 (9.8) | 27 (6.2) |
| Race | |||||||
| White | 237 (53.7) | 51 (65.4) | 48 (53.9) | 47 (58.8) | 60 (65.9) | 31 (60.8) | 299 (68.1) |
| Black/African American | 9 (2.0) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (2.5) | 5 (5.5) | 2 (3.9) | 12 (2.7) |
| Asian | 48 (10.9) | 7 (9.0) | 7 (7.9) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (2.0) | 41 (9.3) |
| Pacific Islander | 4 (0.90) | 3 (3.8) | 4 (4.5) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (2.0) | 5 (1.1) |
| Native American/Alaska | 2 (0.50) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 0 |
| Mixed race | 57 (12.9) | 7 (9.0) | 9 (10.1) | 1 (1.3) | 11 (12.1) | 7 (13.7) | 46 (10.5) |
| Not reported | 84 (19.0) | 9 (11.5) | 18 (20.2) | 24 (30.0) | 10 (11.0) | 9 (17.6) | 36 (8.2) |
| Mullen T score, mean (SD)c | |||||||
| Visual reception | 38.0 (14.9) | 51.4 (13.5) | 35.3 (13.4) | 49.6 (11.7) | 54.1 (13.4) | 61.0 (9.7) | 59.2 (10.6) |
| Fine motor | 34.0 (12.6) | 43.8 (11.6) | 31.2 (11.0) | 46.4 (10.4) | 45.3 (13.2) | 53.1 (10.3) | 52.4 (10.4) |
| Receptive language | 32.1 (15.0) | 46.1 (12.0) | 33.4 (12.0) | 40.8 (10.6) | 48.7 (11.0) | 52.7 (10.3) | 53.8 (9.0) |
| Expressive language | 30.6 (16.9) | 48.6 (12.0) | 30.8 (13.9) | 33.9 (9.4) | 49.2 (12.4) | 54.2 (8.8) | 53.2 (8.7) |
| ELC | 71.5 (22.1) | 94.7 (22.6) | 68.6 (17.7) | 86.0 (15.1) | 99.4 (18.7) | 110.5 (14.7) | 109.2 (14.4) |
| Vineland standard score, mean (SD) | |||||||
| Communication | 72.1 (25.0) | 96.3 (21.2) | 78.3 (21.2) | 84.6 (19.5) | 98.2 (17.2) | 101.2 (18.0) | 102.0 (19.4) |
| Daily living | 75.2 (22.5) | 95.1 (18.2) | 83.8 (19.0) | 94.9 (18.6) | 96.3 (15.7) | 98.7 (16.8) | 100.0 (17.7) |
| Socialization | 72.6 (21.5) | 95.2 (18.6) | 85.9 (18.5) | 92.3 (18.4) | 97.0 (15.4) | 103 (16.9) | 102.0 (18.0) |
| Motor skills | 76.2 (27.0) | 92.5 (20.4) | 80.4 (20.3) | 91.9 (23.9) | 91.3 (17.9) | 95.8 (15.9) | 96.3 (19.9) |
| Adaptive behavior composite | 73.3 (21.8) | 95.5 (16.2) | 80.5 (13.1) | 91.23 (11.4) | 96.0 (13.4) | 100.7 (10.5) | 101.6 (12.3) |
| ADOS (module T, 1, or 2) score, mean (SD)d | |||||||
| ADOS SA/CoSo score | 12.9 (4.1) | 4.4 (2.7) | 3.8 (3.3) | 2.4 (2.1) | 3.1 (2.4) | 2.0 (1.8) | 2.2 (1.7) |
| ADOS RRB score | 4.6 (1.9) | 2.6 (1.5) | 1.4 (1.5) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.6 (1.0) |
| ADOS total score | 17.6 (4.8) | 7.0 (3.1) | 5.2 (3.1) | 3.0 (2.3) | 3.8 (2.6) | 2.4 (1.8) | 2.8 (2.0) |
Abbreviations: ADOS, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CoSo, Communication Social Score; DD, developmental delay; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; ELC, early learning composite; LD, language delay; RRB, restricted and repetitive behavior; SA, social affect; TD, typical development.
Data are presented as number (percentage) of toddlers unless otherwise indicated.
Version of the DSM used at the final diagnostic evaluation (eMethods and eFigure 2 in the Supplement).
A total of 9% percent of the overall sample had a chronologic or mental age that exceeded the validated age range for use with the Mullen scales at their last diagnostic evaluation visit and received a Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence instead.
Administered ADOS module depended on the age and language ability of the toddler at the time of testing. For these individuals, their most recent available Mullen scores were used.