. 2019 May 29;76(9):933–940. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0922

Table 1. Studies of Exposure to 13 Reasons Why.

Source	Sample Size	Sample Source	Study Design	Dependent Variable	Negative Outcome	Positive Outcome
Cooper et al,⁸ 2018	775	2002-2017 Suicidal pediatric admissions; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States	Ecological study of suicide attempt admissions in children’s hospital before and after the release of the show	Suicide-oriented admissions, ED	Admissions increased after watching the show	None
Rosa et al,⁹ 2019	7004	84% Female, Facebook; Brazil	Cross-sectional study among exposed adolescents; retrospective self-reports on changes in mood	Changes in mood	23.7% Reported worsening in mood after watching the show	32.1% Reported improvement in mood after watching the show
Feuer and Havens,¹⁰ 2017	NA	Data from 14 sites on a hospital-based listserv; United States	Survey among pediatric emergency services on increases in admission volume before and after the release of the show	Suicide attempt or gesture related to the show	40% Of sites reported at least 1 case with imitation gestures or attempts within 30 d of watching the show	None
Hong et al,¹¹ 2019	87	Suicidal patients, ED; 49% exposed to the show; United States	Cross-sectional study among parent-youth dyads during ED visit; retrospective self-reports on suicide risk and identification with main character of the show	Self-reported increase in suicide risk	51% Of those exposed reported increase in SR; persons who identified with main female character and persons with history of suicidality were at even higher SR	None
Zimerman et al,¹² 2018	21 062	Facebook sample; persons who liked the show, predominately Brazilians (80.1%) and Americans (19.9%)	Surveys on bullying, depression, and SI among adolescents before and after exposure to the show	Self-reported SI, depression, and bullying behavior before and after watching the show	Of individuals with preexisting SI, 16.5% reported more SI after watching the show	Of individuals with preexisting SI, 59.2% reported less SI after watching the show; of adolescents who had engaged in bullying, 90.1% engaged in less bullying after watching the show
Lauricella et al,¹⁴ 2018	1880 Parents; 1722 adolescents; 1798 young adults	Survey in 4 world regions	Cross-sectional study among adolescents, young adults, and parents; retrospective self-reports on experiences with and attitudes toward the show	Experiences with and attitudes toward the show	No suicide-related outcomes reported	Several positive outcomes, including 63%-79% of adolescents who reported watching the show was positive for them

Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; NA, not applicable; SI, suicidal ideation; SR, suicide risk.