Table 1.
Reported Cases of ESP Block
| Pain | Region | Intervention | N | Level | SS vs. Catheter | Side | Local anesthetic | Average NRS* | Complications | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic | Cervical | Neuropathic pain [8] | 1 | T2 | 1SS | 1UL | B | 0 | No | Plus S |
| Upper limbs | Shoulder pain [9] | 1 | T2–T3 | 1SS | 1UL | B, R | 0.3 | No | Plus S+ times | |
| Thorax | Neuropathic pain [1,8,10–16] | 17 | T2–T6 | 13SS/4C | 17UL | B, R, LB | 1.4 | No | Plus S [11,15] + times [14,15] | |
| Bilevel [13] | ||||||||||
| Abdomen | Post-surgical visceral pain [17] | 1 | T10 | 1SS | 1UL | B | - | No | MRI study | |
| Lower limbs | Zoster [18], CRPS [19] | 2 | L3–L4 | 1SS/1C | 2UL | B + L, R | 2 | No | Plus S | |
| Acute | Cervical | Spine surgery [20] | 2 | T2–T3 | 2SS | 2BL | LB | - | No | - |
| CEA [21] | 2 | T2–T3 | 2SS | 2UL | LB | - | No | Anesthesia | ||
| Burn [22], zoster [23] | 2 | T2 | 1SS/1C | 2UL | B + L, LB | 0 | No | Plus S [23] | ||
| Upper limbs | Amputation [24] | 1 | C6 | 1C | 1UL | R | 0 | No | - | |
| Thorax | Breast surgery [8,25–38] | 30 | T4–T5 | 23SS/7C | 27UL/3BL | B, R, LB, B + L, R + M, B Lip | 0.9 | Incomplete analgesia [26] | Anesthesia [30–32] | |
| Plus S [31] | ||||||||||
| Pneumothorax [38] | Combined blockade [25–27] | |||||||||
| Bilevel [37] | ||||||||||
| VATS [1,8,39–45] | 26 | T5 | 4SS/22C | 25UL/1BL | B, R, LB, B + L, R + L | 1.6 | No | Pediatric [45] | ||
| Rib fractures [7,29,46–48] | 9 | T3/T5/T8 | 3SS/6C | 8UL/1BL | B, R, LB | 2.3 | No | Fluoroscopic guidance [7] | ||
| Thoracotomy [49–59] | 17 | T5/T6/T9 | 6SS/11C | 15UL/2BL | B, R, LB | 2.2 | No | Pediatric [56–59] | ||
| Costal Wall surgery [60–65] | 8 | T1/T2/T4/T5/T8 | 8SS | 6UL/2BL | B, B + L | 0.3 | No | Pediatric [63–65] + times [60] | ||
| Anesthesia [61,62] | ||||||||||
| ICU loss stay [64] | ||||||||||
| Valve surgery [66,67] | 3 | T2/T3/T7 | 2SS/1C | 3UL | B, LB | 3 | No | - | ||
| Spine surgery [68,69] | 3 | T4/T5 | 3SS | 3BL | B, LB | - | No | Interfascial Rhomboid-ESM [69] | ||
| Abdomen | Laparoscopy surgery [70–76] | 18 | T7–T9/T11 | 2SS/1C | 6UL/2BL | B, R, B + L | 1.3 | No | Plus S [72] | |
| Pediatric [73–75] | ||||||||||
| Open surgery [76–84] | 16 | T7–T9/T11/T12 | 11SS/5C | 6UL/10BL | B, R, B + L | 2.1 | Motor blockade [79] | Pediatric [84] | ||
| Abdominal Wall surgery [8,32,76,85–91] | 23 | T6–T10/L1 | 11SS/5C | 6UL/10BL | B, R, B + L, L | 2.3 | No | Pediatric [89–91] + times [88] | ||
| Anesthesia [85,86] | ||||||||||
| No USG [85] | ||||||||||
| Spine surgery [92,93] | 7 | T10/T12 | 4SS/3C | 7BL | B, R, LB | 0.1 | No | Plus S [92,93] | ||
| Plus DXM [92] | ||||||||||
| Miscellanea [94–97] | 4 | T6/T8/T10 | 3SS/1C | 2UL/2BL | B, R, B + L | 2 | No | Pancreatitis [94], zoster [95], fracture [96], nephrolithotomy [97] | ||
| Lower limbs | Hip surgery [98–102] | 17 | T12/L4 | 14SS/3C | 17UL | R, B + L | 3 | No | Pediatric [100] | |
| Anesthesia [99] | ||||||||||
| Combined blockade [99] | ||||||||||
| Thigh lift surgery [103] | 1 | L2 | 1SS | 1BI | R | 0 | No | - |
SS: single Shot, C: catheter, NRS: numbering rating scale, UL: unilateral, BL: bilateral, B: bupivacaine, R: ropivacaine, LB: levobupivacaine, L: lidocaine, M: mepivacaine, Lip: liposomal, S: steroids, DXM: dexmedetomidine, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome, CEA: carotid endarterectomy, VATS: video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, ICU: intensive care unit.
*
FLACC or CHPPS scales in pediatric surgery.