Table 1.
HbA1c trajectory group by demographic, HbA1c and periodontal variables. Percentages or standard deviation in parentheses. N = 799
| HbA1c trajectory group |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Low (N=85) | Medium (N=436) | High (N=278) | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Male (N=408, 51.1%) | 40 (47.1) | 202 (46.3) | 166 (59.7)a |
| Low SES at 26 (N=196, 24.5%)1 | 17 (20.2) | 93 (22.7) | 86 (32.0)b |
| Low SES at 32 (N=230, 28.8%) | 18 (21.2) | 130 (29.8) | 92 (29.5) |
| Low SES at 38 (N=146, 18.3%)2 | 5 (5.9) | 72 (16.6) | 69 (24.9)c |
| HbA1c measures | |||
| Mean HbA1c at 26 IFCC (SD)3 [NGSP % units]* | 25.9 (1.9) [4.5%] | 29.9 (2.1) [4.9%] | 33.4 (2.2) [5.2%]d |
| Mean HbA1c at 32 IFCC (SD)4 [NGSP % units]* | 28.5 (2.2) [4.8%] | 33.2 (2.1) [5.2%] | 36.6 (2.2) [5.5%]d |
| Mean HbA1c at 38 IFCC (SD)5 [NGSP % units]* | 29.6 (2.1) [4.9%] | 34.1 (2.3) [5.3%] | 38.8 (2.7) [5.7%]d |
| Periodontitis prevalence | |||
| 1+ sites with 4+mm AL at 26 (N=141, 17.6%) | 8 (9.4) | 73 (16.7) | 60 (21.6)b |
| 1+ sites with 4+mm AL at 32 (N=165, 20.7%) | 10 (11.8) | 84 (19.3) | 71 (25.5)b |
| 1+ sites with 4+mm AL at 38 (N=271, 33.9%) | 23 (27.1) | 148 (33.9) | 100 (36.0) |
| 2+ sites with 4+mm AL at 26 (N=57, 7.1%) | 1 (1.2) | 29 (6.7) | 27 (9.7)b |
| 2+ sites with 4+mm AL at 32 (N=98, 12.3%) | 5 (5.9) | 50 (11.5) | 43 (15.5)b |
| 2+ sites with 4+mm AL at 38 (N=177, 22.2%) | 13 (15.3) | 92 (21.1) | 72 (25.9) |
| Anthropometric characteristics | |||
| Mean waist-height ratio at 26 (SD)6 | 0.46 (0.04) | 0.46 (0.05) | 0.47 (0.06) |
| Mean waist-height ratio at 32 (SD)7 | 0.48 (0.05) | 0.48 (0.06) | 0.50 (0.07)e |
| Mean waist-height ratio at 38 (SD)8 | 0.49 (0.05) | 0.50 (0.07) | 0.51 (0.08)e |
| High waist-height group at 26 (N=167, 21.7%)6 | 11 (13.4) | 79 (18.7) | 77 (28.8)a |
| High waist-height group at 32 (N=291, 37.5%)7 | 26 (32.1) | 150 (35.3) | 115 (42.6) |
| High waist-height group at 38 (N=354, 44.8%)8 | 34 (40.0) | 179 (41.6) | 141 (51.1)b |
| Smoking | |||
| Smoker at 26 (N=304, 38.0%) | 17 (20.0) | 162 (37.2) | 125 (45.0)a |
| Smoker at 32 (N=252, 31.5%) | 15 (17.6) | 133 (30.5) | 104 (37.4)a |
| Smoker at 38 (N=200, 25.1%)9 | 7 (8.2) | 102 (23.4) | 91 (32.9)a |
a
p<0.005; chi-square test.
b
p<0.05; chi-square test.
c
p<0.001; chi-square test
d
p<0.001; Kruskal–Wallis test.
e
p<0.05; Kruskal–Wallis test.
*
It was not possible to convert very small HbA1c values (such as standard deviations) from IFCC to valid NGSP values.
1
N=762.
2
N=797.
3
N=732.
4
N=759.
5
N=779.
6
N=771.
7
N=776.
8
N=791.
9
N=798