Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the population for each approach

Characteristic	TLIF	Minimally invasive TLIF	Oblique lumbar interbody fusion	All	p-value
Total no. of patients	45	65	38	148
Age (mean, yr)	63	62	62	62	0.917
Male sex	18	28	15	61	0.919
Diagnosis
Spondylolisthesis	21 (47)	52 (80)	26 (68)	99(67)	<0.001
Spinal stenosis	26 (58)	39 (60)	11 (29)	76 (51)	0.002
Foraminal stenosis	7 (16)	9 (14)	4 (11)	20 (14)	0.825
Scoliosis	18 (40)	0	14 (37)	32 (22)	<0.001
Kyphosis	0	0	9 (24)	9 (6)	<0.001
Operated levels (mean per patient)	2.1	1.3	2.1	1.7	<0.001
Level operated
L1-L2	0	0	4	4	0.004
L2-L3	6	0	11	17	<0.001
L3-L4	21	11	17	49	0.001
L4-L5	37	50	31	118	0.752
L5-S1	31	22	15	68	0.001
Preoperative sagittal balance parameters (mean)
Lumbar lordosis (°)	53.45	47.55	43.39	48.26	0.015
Focal lordosis (°)	9.46	7.55	5.97	7.77	0.010
Disk height (mm)	8.40	8.8	5.89	8.74	<0.001
Pelvic incidence (°)	57.62	58.58	55.53	57.49	0.517
Pelvic tilt (°)	18.36	22.28	22.73	21.19	0.076

Values are presented as number or number (%).

TLIF, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.