Table 1.

Subject characteristics and exclusion criteria of the study

Characteristic
No. of subjects	38
Age (years), mean ± SD [range]	77.7 ± 4.2 [70–86]
Height (cm), mean ± SD [range]	148.1 ± 6.0 [137–160]
Weight (kg), mean ± SD [range]	50.5 ± 7.5 [35–67]
Body-mass index (kg/cm2), mean ± SD [range]	23.0 ± 3.3 [15.4–30.1]
Girth (cm), mean ± SD	79.7 ± 11.2 [58–110]
Musculoskeletal disorders treated at the outpatient clinic (no. of subjects)	Chronic LBP (21), Knee (22) and hip (3) arthritis, and Osteoporosis (14)
Exclusion criteria of the study
• They did not agree to participate in this trial.
• They did not have the ability to walk without support during their daily activities.
• They could not complete physical examinations conducted in the trial due to their musculoskeletal or medical disorders.
• They had acute LBP or mild chronic LBP (0 mm < VAS score for chronic LBP < 20 mm).

SD standard deviation, LBP low back pain, VAS visual analog scale