Table 2.

Sub-group analysis of outcomes associated with substance, alcohol, smoking, and controls in the no intubation groups

Variables	Substance (n = 28)	Alcohol (n = 10)	Smoking (n = 34)	Controls (n = 20)	P value
Hospital-acquired infection	0	0	0	0	–
Ventilator-associated events	0	0	0	0	–
Hospital-acquired pressure injury	–	–	–	–	–
DVT/PE	0	0	0	0
ICU LOS, median (range), days	1 (0–20)	1 (0–20)	1 (0–8)	0.5 (0–5)	NS
Hospital LOS, median (range), days	2 (0–355)	1.5 (0–8)	1 (0–30)	1 (0–29)	NS
Overall mortality, n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	–

DVT deep vein thrombosis, PE pulmonary embolism, ICU intensive care unit, LOS length of stay, NS not significant