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. 2019 Jun 3;7:83. doi: 10.1186/s40168-019-0701-y

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Effects of starter feeding on the rumen fermentation parameter: including lumen pH (a) and the concentration of total VFA (b). c Comparisons of the concentrations and proportion of acetate: propionate and butyrate in the lumen between the CON and ST groups (n = 10 per group). d Comparison of the rumen weight emptied the digesta between the two groups (n = 10 per group). e Comparisons of the parameters of rumen epithelial papillae between the two groups (n = 10 per group). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001