Table 3.
Institutional delivery compared between intervention and control areas by quintile
| Number (%) of mothers in intervention | Number (%) of mothers in control | Crude mean difference (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted mean differencea (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrestricted analysis | ||||||
| Overall | n = 2432 | n = 2469 | n = 4901 | n = 3883 | ||
| Baseline (n = 2441) | 744/1182 (62.9%) | 726/1236 (58.7%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 2491) | 965/1250 (77.2%) | 827/1233 (67.1%) | ||||
| Difference | 14.3% | 8.4% | 5.9% (0.01–0.11) | 0.027 | 3.3% (−0.14–0.21) | 0.685 |
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | n = 888 | n = 708 | ||||
| Baseline (n = 465) | 55/111 (49.6%) | 165/354 (46.6%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 423) | 119/165 (72.1%) | 178/258 (69.0%) | ||||
| Difference | 22.5% | 22.4% | 0.1% (−0.14–0.14) | 0.979 | 0.8% (− 0.30–0.32) | 0.953 |
| Quintile 2 | n = 869 | n = 753 | ||||
| Baseline (n = 446) | 141/220 (64.1%) | 125/226 (55.3%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 423) | 192/254 (75.6%) | 105/169 (62.1%) | ||||
| Difference | 11.5% | 6.8% | 4.7% (−0.08–0.18) | 0.475 | 5.4% (− 0.14–0.24) | 0.541 |
| Quintile 3 | n = 878 | n = 801 | ||||
| Baseline (n = 455) | 190/290 (65.5%) | 99/165 (60.0%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 423) | 149/200 (74.5%) | 153/223 (68.6%) | ||||
| Difference | 9.0% | 8.6% | 0.4% (−0.12–0.13) | 0.954 | −3.0% (− 0.27–0.20) | 0.781 |
| Quintile 4 | n = 876 | n = 780 | ||||
| Baseline (n = 459) | 153/239 (64.0%) | 161/220 (73.2%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 417) | 142/142 (71.3%) | 135/218 (61.9%) | ||||
| Difference | 7.3% | −11.3% | 18.6% (0.06–0.31) | 0.003 | 10.7% (−0.20–0.42) | 0.465 |
| Quintile 5 | n = 869 | n = 841 | ||||
| Baseline (n = 447) | 150/235 (63.8%) | 143/212 (67.5%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 422) | 253/270 (93.7%) | 126/152 (82.9%) | ||||
| Difference | 29.9% | 15.4% | 14.4% (0.03–0.26) | 0.011 | 6.6% (−0.20–0.33) | 0.602 |
| Restricted analysisb | ||||||
| Overall | n = 1524 | n = 2275 | n = 3799 | n = 2938 | ||
| Baseline (n = 2418) | 744/1182 (62.9%) | 726/1236 (58.7%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 1381) | 291/342 (85.1%) | 690/1039 (66.4%) | ||||
| Difference | 22.2% | 7.7% | 14.5% (0.08–0.21) | < 0.001 | 6.1% (− 0.17–0.29) | 0.575 |
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | n = 128 | n = 591 | n = 719 | n = 542 | ||
| Baseline (n = 465) | 55/111 (49.6%) | 165/354 (46.6%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 254) | 13/17 (76.5%) | 165/237 (69.6%) | ||||
| Difference | 26.9% | 23.0% | 3.9% (−0.20–0.28) | 0.746 | −0.7% (− 0.42–0.41) | 0.971 |
| Quintile 2 | n = 238 | n = 366 | n = 604 | n = 491 | ||
| Baseline (n = 446) | 141/220 (64.1%) | 125/226 (55.3%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 158) | 17/18 (94.4%) | 89/140 (63.6%) | ||||
| Difference | 30.3% | 8.3% | 22.0% (0.06–0.38) | 0.007 | 21.4% (0.07–0.36) | 0.008 |
| Quintile 3 | n = 329 | n = 352 | n = 681 | n = 607 | ||
| Baseline (n = 455) | 190/290 (65.5%) | 99/165 (60.0%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 226) | 28/39 (71.8%) | 131/187 (70.1%) | ||||
| Difference | 6.3% | 10.1% | −3.8% (−0.22–0.14) | 0.684 | −5.8% (−0.35–0.24) | 0.673 |
| Quintile 4 | n = 295 | n = 408 | n = 703 | n = 609 | ||
| Baseline (n = 459) | 153/239 (64.0%) | 161/220 (73.2%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 244) | 40/56 (71.4%) | 114/188 (60.6%) | ||||
| Difference | 7.4% | −12.6% | 20.0% (0.04–0.36) | 0.016 | 6.3% (−0.30–0.42) | 0.709 |
| Quintile 5 | n = 410 | n = 305 | n = 715 | n = 689 | ||
| Baseline (n = 447) | 150/235 (63.8%) | 143/212 (67.5%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 268) | 168/175 (96.0%) | 71/93 (76.3%) | ||||
| Difference | 32.2% | 8.8% | 23.4% (0.11–0.36) | < 0.001 | 13.5% (−0.21–0.48) | 0.404 |
aAdjusted for clustering by district, maternal age, parity, maternal education, quintile and access to health facilities
bIntervention endline population restricted to mothers who reported that she knew (i) there were any programs that would give her money if she delivered in a health facility or (ii) she would receive our CCT incentive if she delivered in a health facility; intervention baseline population not restricted. Control endline population restricted to mothers who reported that she did not know (i) or (ii); control baseline population not restricted