Table 4.
ANC, PNC and CHW home visiting compared between intervention and control areas by quintile
| Number (%) of mothers in intervention villages | Number (%) of mothers in control villages | Crude mean difference (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted mean differencea (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANC | ||||||
| Overall | n = 2427 | n = 2425 | n = 4852 | n = 3871 | ||
| Baseline (n = 2363) | 760/1173 (64.8%) | 1039/1190 (87.3%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 2489) | 957/1254 (76.3%) | 729/1235 (59.0%) | ||||
| Difference | 11.5% | −28.3% | 39.8% (0.35–0.45) | < 0.001 | 45.0% (0.18–0.72) | 0.004 |
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | n = 273 | n = 599 | n = 872 | n = 706 | ||
| Baseline (n = 449) | 70/107 (65.4%) | 288/342 (84.2%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 423) | 88//166 (53.0%) | 101/257 (39.3%) | ||||
| Difference | −12.4% | −44.9% | 32.5% (0.19–0.46) | < 0.001 | 43.2% (−0.17–1.03) | 0.145 |
| Quintile 2 | n = 467 | n = 378 | n = 845 | n = 746 | ||
| Baseline (n = 421) | 138/212 (65.1%) | 192/209 (91.9%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 424) | 153/255 (60.0%) | 74/169 (43.8%) | ||||
| Difference | 5.1% | −48.1% | 43.0% (0.31–0.55) | < 0.001 | 55.4% (0.10–1.00) | 0.021 |
| Quintile 3 | n = 353 | n = 384 | n = 872 | n = 800 | ||
| Baseline (n = 448) | 179/287 (62.4%) | 151/161 (93.8%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 424) | 174/201 (86.6%) | 143/223 (64.1%) | ||||
| Difference | 24.2% | −29.7% | 53.9% (0.43–0.64) | < 0.001 | 58.0% (0.23–0.94) | 0.004 |
| Quintile 4 | n = 440 | n = 435 | n = 875 | n = 780 | ||
| Baseline (n = 453) | 162/240 (67.5%) | 171/213 (80.3%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 422) | 174/200 (87.0%) | 144/222 (64.9%) | ||||
| Difference | 19.5% | −15.4% | 34.9% (0.24–0.46) | < 0.001 | 29.0% (−0.08–0.66) | 0.112 |
| Quintile 5 | n = 508 | n = 358 | n = 866 | n = 839 | ||
| Baseline (n = 445) | 157/238 (66.0%) | 183/207 (88.4%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 421) | 260/270 (96.3%) | 125/151 (82.8%) | ||||
| Difference | 30.3% | −5.6% | 35.9% (0.26–0.46) | < 0.001 | 28.8% (−0.04–0.61) | 0.077 |
| PNC | ||||||
| Overall | n = 2415 | n = 2407 | n = 4822 | n = 3850 | ||
| Baseline (n = 2339) | 571/1164 (49.1%) | 764/1175 (65.0%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 2483) | 905/1251 (72.3%) | 690/1232 (56.0%) | ||||
| Difference | 23.2% | −9.0% | 32.3% (0.27–0.38) | < 0.001 | 31.8% (− 0.05–0.68) | 0.080 |
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | n = 273 | n = 596 | n = 869 | n = 707 | ||
| Baseline (n = 445) | 56/107 (52.3%) | 241/338 (71.3%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 424) | 78/166 (47.0%) | 99/258 (38.4%) | ||||
| Difference | −5.3% | −32.9% | 27.6% (0.13–0.42) | < 0.001 | 37.5% (− 0.38–1.13) | 0.296 |
| Quintile 2 | n = 467 | n = 373 | n = 840 | n = 743 | ||
| Baseline (n = 418) | 112/212 (52.8%) | 145/206 (70.4%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 422) | 140/255 (54.9%) | 73/167 (43.7%) | ||||
| Difference | 2.1% | −26.7% | 28.7% (0.15–0.42) | < 0.001 | 43.7% (− 0.16–1.04) | 0.137 |
| Quintile 3 | n = 482 | n = 383 | n = 865 | n = 791 | ||
| Baseline (n = 444) | 142/282 (50.4%) | 115/162 (71.0%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 421) | 163/200 (81.5%) | 133/221 (60.2%) | ||||
| Difference | 31.1% | −10.8% | 41.9% (0.30–0.54) | < 0.001 | 45.8% (−0.47–096) | 0.071 |
| Quintile 4 | 437 | n = 433 | n = 870 | n = 775 | ||
| Baseline (n = 448) | 120/237 (50.6%) | 113/211 (53.6%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 422) | 177/200 (88.5%) | 141/222 (63.5%) | ||||
| Difference | 37.9% | 9.9% | 27.9% (0.16–0.40) | < 0.001 | 21.6% (−0.25–0.68) | 0.332 |
| Quintile 5 | n = 506 | n = 535 | n = 859 | n = 834 | ||
| Baseline (n = 437) | 106/236 (44.9%) | 99/201 (49.3%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 422) | 260/270 (96.3%) | 125/152 (82.2%) | ||||
| Difference | 51.4% | 32.9% | 18.4% (0.07–0.30) | 0.002 | 8.4% (−0.41–0.58) | 0.716 |
| CHW home visiting | ||||||
| Overall | n = 2433 | n = 2436 | n = 4869 | n = 3860 | ||
| Baseline (n = 2414) | 529/1186 (44.6%) | 637/1228 (51.9%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 2455) | 519/1247 (41.6%) | 338/1208 (28.0%) | ||||
| Difference | −3.0% | −23.9% | 20.9% (0.15–0.26) | < 0.001 | 12.2% (−0.27–0.51) | 0.508 |
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | n = 275 | n = 611 | n = 886 | n = 707 | ||
| Baseline (n = 466) | 71/110 (64.6%) | 219/356 (61.5%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 420) | 19/165 (11.5%) | 32/255 (12.6%) | ||||
| Difference | −53.1% | −48.9% | −4.1% (−0.16–0.08) | 0.511 | −1.9% (− 0.76–0.72) | 0.954 |
| Quintile 2 | n = 473 | n = 392 | n = 865 | n = 750 | ||
| Baseline (n = 444) | 121/218 (55.5%) | 105/226 (46.5%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 421) | 36/255 (14.1%) | 28/166 (16.9%) | ||||
| Difference | −41.4% | −29.6% | −11.8% (−0.24- -0.00) | 0.049 | 6.4% (−0.53–0.66) | 0.819 |
| Quintile 3 | n = 489 | n = 377 | n = 866 | n = 790 | ||
| Baseline (n = 456) | 142/291 (48.8%) | 66/165 (40.0%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 410) | 73/198 (36.9%) | 61/212 (28.8%) | ||||
| Difference | −11.9% | − 11.2% | −0.7% (−0.14–0.12) | 0.916 | −2.8% (−0.60–0.55) | 0.917 |
| Quintile 4 | n = 436 | n = 432 | n = 868 | n = 773 | ||
| Baseline (n = 448) | 92/239 (38.5%) | 91/219 (41.6%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 410) | 92/197 (46.7%) | 78/213 (36.6%) | ||||
| Difference | 8.2% | −5.0% | 13.1% (0.00–0.26) | 0.050 | 0.0% (−0.35–0.35) | 0.999 |
| Quintile 5 | n = 509 | n = 359 | n = 868 | n = 840 | ||
| Baseline (n = 447) | 61/239 (25.5%) | 111/208 (53.4%) | ||||
| Endline (n = 421) | 242/270 (89.6%) | 101/151 (66.9%) | ||||
| Difference | 64.1% | 13.5% | 50.5% (0.38–0.63) | < 0.001 | 34.5% (−0.18–0.87) | 0.175 |
ANC antenatal care, PNC postnatal care, CHW community health worker
aAdjusted for clustering by district, maternal age, parity, maternal education, quintile and access to health facilities