Table 6.

Definitions of terms and covariates used in the study

Health services
Sub health centre (SHC)	Targeted to whole population Staffed by generalist nurse, vaccinator, midwife Provide antenatal care, postnatal care, growth monitoring, vaccination and integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) clinics but no delivery care or emergency care (emergency cases are stabilised and referred to BHC, CHC or DH) [15].
Basic health centre (BHC)	Targeted to whole population Staffed by generalist nurse, vaccinator, midwife Provide services as above, but also assistance to normal deliveries (emergency cases are stabilised and referred to BHC, CHC or DH) [15].
Comprehensive health centre (CHC)	Targeted to whole population Staffed by generalist nurse, vaccinator, midwife, doctor Provide services as above, but also basic emergency obstetric care from a midwife which includes manual removal of placenta and retained products, blood transfusion, basic laboratory services. Also provides vaccination outreach (one outreach service per CHC) [15]
District hospital (DH)	Targeted to whole population Staffed by generalist nurse, vaccinator, midwife, doctor Provide services as above, but also comprehensive emergency obstetric care from a doctor or nurse which includes surgery, anaesthesia and Caesarean section. No outreach vaccination service [15].
Health facility density	Population per health facility
Socio-demographics
Poorest wealth quintile	Women scored in asset index as being in the lowest 20% of the population [20].
No female education	Women with no formal education [20].
Any female
Access
Remote	District centre more than 2 h by any form of transport from provincial capital [14].
Mountainous	More than 1800 km elevation at highest point of district [14].
High security risk	Use of armed force between warring parties in a conflict dyad, state-based or non-state, resulting in deaths). 25 deaths or less in the previous 12 months is categorised as low intensity security risk, 25–100 is categorised as moderate intensity security risk and 100+ is categorised as high intensity security risk [13].

SHC sub health centre, BHC basic health centre, CHC comprehensive health centre, DH district hospital