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. 2019 Jun 3;12:282. doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3536-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Erythrocytic and exo-erythrocytic parasite stages in lung sections from infected birds visualized by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Serial lung sections from a yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) infected with Haemoproteus sp. lineage EMCIR01 (a, b) and a crow (Corvus cornix) infected with Leucocytozoon sp., lineage COCOR13 (c, d) were stained with haematoxylin–eosin (HE; a, c) and subjected to CISH (b, d). Gametocytes (arrowheads) and exo-erythrocytic meronts (arrows) of parasites were observed in HE-stained sections (a, c) and labelled by subgenus-specific probes for Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) spp. (b) and Leucocytozoon (Leucocytozoon) spp. (d) showing distinct purple signals in corresponding in situ-hybridized sections. Note that small parasites are difficult to see in HE-stained sections, but are readily visible in sections subjected to CISH. Scale-bars: 20 µm (inserts, 10 µm)