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. 2019 Jun 4;10:2440. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10472-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Long-term performance and plant assay. a Extraction ability of the recycled EDTA solution and the AACE filtration efficiency as functions of treatment cycles. Total 25 contaminated soil samples (10,000 ppm Cu) were prepared. In each cycle, the same EDTA solution was used to wash a contaminated soil sample followed by the AACE filtration, and the extraction ability of the EDTA solution was examined by the mass of Cu extracted from the soil. The AACE filter was regenerated by acid elution after the 14th cycle. b, c Plant assay using pea (Pisum sativum) sprouts. After the AACE remediation, the Cd level in the planted pea sprouts met the International Food Standards. Using fresh EDTA to wash the contaminated soil caused stunted growth of the pea sprouts. Boxplots represent median, 25th and 75th percentile. Whiskers indicate the maximum and minimum (n = 10)