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. 2019 Jun 4;10(6):436. doi: 10.1038/s41419-019-1655-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Representative M-mode tracing at Base, 1 day and 2 days after a single s.c. injection of Isoproterenol (ISO) at 200 or 400 mg/Kg. b–d Cumulative data of cardiac dimensions and function at the different time points. LVESD = left ventricular end-systolic diameter (b), FS = fractional shortening (c), and EF = ejection fraction (d). b, d *p < 0.05 vs. Base, 1d and 28d in ISO 200 mg; *p < 0.05 vs. Base and 28d in ISO 400 mg (one-way ANOVA analysis with Tukey’s multiple comparison test). c *p < 0.05 vs. Base and 28d in ISO 200 mg and *p < 0.05 vs. Base and 28d in ISO 400 mg (one-way ANOVA analysis with Tukey’s multiple comparison test). e Representative pulsed wave Doppler Mitral Velocity tracing (PW MV, left) and cumulative transmitral Doppler early filling velocity (MV E data, right) at Base, 1d and 2d after a single s.c. injection of ISO at 200 or 400 mg/Kg. *p < 0.05 vs. Base, 1d, and 28d in ISO 400 mg (one-way ANOVA analysis with Tukey’s multiple comparison test). f Representative pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging velocity tracing (PW TDI, left) and cumulative early diastolic mitral annular velocity value (E’, mid) and E/E’ ratio (right) data at Base, 1d and 2d after a single s.c. injection of ISO at 200 or 400 mg/Kg. *p < 0.05 vs. Base and 28d in ISO 200 mg and *p < 0.05 vs. Base and 28d in ISO 400 mg (one-way ANOVA analysis with Tukey’s multiple comparison test). g, h Cumulative data of global longitudinal and circumferential strain (GLS and GCS, respectively) at the different time points at Base, 1d and 2d after a single s.c. injection of ISO at 200 or 400 mg/Kg. g *p < 0.05 vs. Base and 28d in ISO 200 mg and *p < 0.05 vs. Base and 28d in ISO 400 mg (one-way ANOVA analysis with Tukey’s multiple comparison test). h *p < 0.05 vs. Base, 1d, and 28d in ISO 400 mg (one-way ANOVA analysis with Tukey’s multiple comparison test). i Representative images of regional speckle-tracking strain analysis throughout four segments (apical, anterior and inferior segments wall, and mid-anterior and inferior wall) at Base, 1d and 2d after a single s.c. injection of ISO at 200 mg/Kg. n= 15 (ISO 200 mg/Kg, BASE, 1d, and 2d); n = 13 (ISO 200 mg/Kg, 28d); n = 15 (ISO 400 mg/Kg, BASE and 1d); n = 12 (ISO 400 mg/Kg, 2d, and 28d). All data are mean ± SD