Table 2.
Maternal brain-reactive antibodies linked to ASD.
| Target | Reactivity | Phenotypic associations in humans | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cerebellar Purkinje cells and brainstem neurons | Adult rat and P1 mouse brains by IHC Binding to NB-1 cells (cells derived from a human neuroblastoma) | Serum obtained from a mother of a child with ASD and a child with a language disorder | (79) |
| LDH-A, LDH-B | 37 kDa band on WB using human and rhesus macaque fetal brain proteins | ASD with behavioral regression Within individuals with ASD, 1. Abnormal sleep/wake cycle 2. Deficits in verbal and non-verbal language acquisition 3. Increased stereotypical behaviors on the ABC |
(81–86) |
| STIP1 (target for upper band CRMP1, CRMP2 (target for lower band) | 73 kDa band on WB using human and rhesus macaque fetal brain proteins | Within individuals with ASD, 1. Verbal language deficits 2. Delayed onset of social smile |
(82–86) |
| LDH reactivity in combination with STIP1 or STIP1/CRMP1 | 37/73 kDa band combination on WB using human and rhesus macaque fetal brain proteins | 1. Pattern only observed in mothers of children with ASD 2. ASD with behavioral regression 3. Greater total cerebral volume Within individuals with ASD, 4. Lower score for expressive language measured by MSEL 5. Increased stereotypical behaviors on the ABC |
(81–83, 85–87) |
| YBX1 | 39 kDa band on WB using human and rhesus macaque fetal brain proteins | Early onset ASD | (80, 82–86) |
| YBX1 reactivity in combination with STIP1 or STIP1/CRMP1 | 39 kDa/73 kDa band combination on WB using human and rhesus macaque fetal brain proteins | 1. Early onset ASD 2. Decreased motor skills scores measured with VABS 3. Increased irritability on the ABC compared to children with ASD born to mothers without these reactivities |
(80, 82, 83, 85, 86) |
| Cypin or GDA | 44 kDa band on WB using rhesus macaque fetal brain proteins | (83, 84) | |
| Not identified | 36 kDa/39 kDa band combination on WB with human fetal and rat embryonic brain proteins | ASD with developmental regression. | (88) |
| Not identified | Low molecular weight bands (~20–25 kDa) High molecular weight band (larger than 250 kDa) on WB using fetal rat brain proteins | (89) | |
| Yo | Immunoblot with recombinant protein | (90) | |
| Amphiphysin | Immunoblot with recombinant protein | (90) | |
| Caspr2 | Isolation and cloning of single human memory antigen-specific B cells Live cell-based assay using HEK-293 cells expressing tGFP-Caspr2 Binding to adult wild type but not to adult CNTNAP2 KO mouse brain by IHC | (91) |
P, ponstnatal day; IHC, Immunohistochemistry; NB, neuroblastoma; ASD, Autism Spectrum Disorder; WB, Western blot; LDH-A, lactate dehydrogenase A; LDH-B, lactate dehydrogenase B; STIP1, stress-induced phosphoprotein 1; CRMP1, CRMP2, collapsing response mediator protein 1 and 2; MSEL, Mullen Scales of Early Learning; NT, Neurotypical development; YBX1, Y-box bonding protein 1; VABS, Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales; ABC, Aberrant Behavioral Checklist; GDA, Guanine deaminase; HEK, Human Embryonic Kidney cells; tGFP, Turbo green fluorescent protein; Caspr2, Contactin-associated protein-like 2; CNTNAP2, Contactin-associated protein-like 2 gene; KO, Knockout.