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Metformin induces phosphorylation of AMPKThr172 and suppresses the inhibitory effects of IGF-1R/IRS-1/Akt on TSC-2. However, hyperglycemia impairs these effects in SNU-245 and SNU-1196 cells. Cells were treated with metformin in DMEM (5 mM or 25 mM glucose) with 1% FBS for 24 h. Expression levels were analyzed by Western blotting. All results are representative of at least three separate experiments. *P < 0.01, compared to untreated control cells; pAMPK, phosphoAMPK.
