Table 2.
Comparison of CTLA-4 and PD-1 receptors
| receptor | CTLA-4 | PD-1 |
|---|---|---|
| ligands | B7-1/B7-2 | PD-L1/PD-L2 |
| mechanism | competitive inhibition of CD28 costimulatory pathway | CD28 signaling regulation |
| expression on Tregs | highly expressed | dispensable |
| involved immune phase | priming phase of T cell activation | chronic antigenic stimulation |
| other pathways | - | BCR signaling inhibition by recruiting SHP-2 |
| clinical application in MM | - | in combined therapy |
| other clinical applications | gastrointestinal, genitourinary cancers, melanoma | broad |