Table 2. Effect estimates of temperament reactivity, approach, and persistence at ages 2 to 3 years on child outcomes at ages 6 to 7 years (n = 5107)a.
| Model 1b, total effect | Model 2b, conventional regression | Model 3b, controlled direct effect | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| βc | (95% CI) | SD units | βc | (95% CI) | SD units | βc | (95% CI) | SD units | |
| Reactivity | |||||||||
| PPVT | -0.38 | (-0.59, -0.17) | -0.07 | -0.36 | (-0.56, -0.15) | -0.07 | -0.37 | (-0.59, -0.14) | -0.07 |
| Matrix reasoning | -0.09 | (-0.18, 0.01) | -0.03 | -0.09 | (-0.19, 0.002) | -0.03 | -0.11 | (-0.21, -0.01) | -0.04 |
| ARS-Literacy | -0.07 | (-0.10, -0.04) | -0.09 | -0.07 | (-0.10, -0.04) | -0.09 | -0.08 | (-0.11, -0.05) | -0.10 |
| ARS-Numeracy | -0.06 | (-0.09, -0.03) | -0.08 | -0.06 | (-0.09, -0.03) | -0.08 | -0.07 | (-0.10, -0.04) | -0.09 |
| Approach | |||||||||
| PPVT | 0.46 | (0.28, 0.65) | 0.09 | 0.40 | (0.21, 0.59) | 0.08 | 0.45 | (0.22, 0.67) | 0.09 |
| Matrix reasoning | 0.10 | (0.01, 0.19) | 0.03 | 0.08 | (-0.01, 0.18) | 0.03 | 0.11 | (0.01, 0.21) | 0.04 |
| ARS-Literacy | 0.03 | (-0.01, 0.06) | 0.04 | 0.02 | (-0.01, 0.06) | 0.03 | 0.03 | (-0.01, 0.07) | 0.04 |
| ARS-Numeracy | 0.02 | (-0.02, 0.05) | 0.03 | 0.01 | (-0.03, 0.05) | 0.01 | 0.01 | (-0.02, 0.05) | 0.01 |
| Persistence | |||||||||
| PPVT | 0.61 | (0.38, 0.84) | 0.12 | 0.55 | (0.32, 0.79) | 0.11 | 0.58 | (0.27, 0.89) | 0.11 |
| Matrix reasoning | 0.16 | (0.04, 0.29) | 0.05 | 0.17 | (0.05, 0.30) | 0.06 | 0.19 | (0.02, 0.34) | 0.06 |
| ARS-Literacy | 0.08 | (0.04, 0.12) | 0.10 | 0.08 | (0.04, 0.12) | 0.10 | 0.08 | (0.03, 0.13) | 0.10 |
| ARS-Numeracy | 0.08 | (0.04, 0.12) | 0.10 | 0.09 | (0.05, 0.13) | 0.11 | 0.08 | (0.03, 0.13) | 0.10 |
a Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation units; PPVT, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; ARS, Academic Rating Scale
b Model 1 is adjusted for confounders, C. Model 2 is the conventional regression model including X, M, and all confounders C and L. Model 3 is a marginal structural model including M and weighted for all confounders C and L.
c β are unstandardized coefficients