Table 2. Mood (sadness, joviality) by valence condition (negative vs. neutral vs. positive) and Velten group (closed eyes vs. Velten self vs. Velten facts).
| Outcome | Condition | Group | Pre M (SD) | Post M (SD) | Paired t-test for Pre vs. Post | Effect Size (Hedges Gav) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sadness | Negative | Closed Eyes (n = 74) | 0.76 (0.79) | 1.80 (1.01) | t(73) = 11.13*** | 1.15 |
| Velten (n = 68) | 0.76 (0.87) | 1.51 (0.97) | t(67) = 5.98*** | 0.81 | ||
| Neutral | Closed Eyes (n = 46) | 0.72 (0.84) | 0.71 (0.95) | t(45) = -0.03 | -0.00 | |
| Velten Self (n = 67) | 0.94 (0.91) | 0.73 (0.74) | t(66) = -2.93** | -0.26 | ||
| Velten Facts (n = 59) | 0.70 (0.71) | 0.58 (0.60) | t(58) = -1.69 | -0.17 | ||
| Positive | Closed Eyes (n = 66) | 0.90 (1.03) | 0.51 (0.82) | t(65) = -5.34*** | -0.42 | |
| Velten (n = 65) | 0.82 (0.92) | 0.42 (0.63) | t(64) = -6.10*** | -0.52 | ||
| Joviality | Negative | Closed Eyes (n = 74) | 1.53 (0.84) | 0.60 (0.67) | t(73) = -10.67*** | -1.23 |
| Velten (n = 68) | 1.57 (0.94) | 0.64 (0.79) | t(67) = -11.44*** | -1.07 | ||
| Neutral | Closed Eyes (n = 46) | 1.64 (0.82) | 1.33 (0.93) | t(45) = -2.70** | -0.35 | |
| Velten Self (n = 67) | 1.52 (0.88) | 1.30 (0.86) | t(66) = -2.35* | -0.24 | ||
| Velten Facts (n = 59) | 1.44 (0.79) | 1.25 (0.81) | t(58) = -1.87 | -0.23 | ||
| Positive | Closed Eyes (n = 66) | 1.42 (0.83) | 2.00 (0.87) | t(65) = 9.50*** | 0.68 | |
| Velten (n = 65) | 1.54 (0.90) | 2.21 (1.01) | t(64) = 9.22*** | 0.70 |
All induction procedures included a 4-min video clip and a 4-min musical piece.
*** p ≤ .001
** p ≤ .01
* p ≤ .05