Fig 1. The Actor–Partner Interdependence Mediation Model in patients with heart failure and their nearest relatives.

Note. a, direct effect of perceived social support on family health; b, direct effect of family health on family functioning; c′, direct effect of perceived social support on family functioning; A, actor effect; P, partner effect; C₁, covariance between the two predictor variables; C₂ & C₃, covariance between the two error terms; E₁, E₂, E₃ & E₄, latent error terms; R², coefficient of determination; 1, patient; 2, nearest relative; Estimates are unstandardized regression coefficients; Significant path coefficients are in red. ** p < .01; *** p < .001.