Table 3.
Direct-measured and self-reported exposures by plant: Automobile manufacturing workers.
| Stamping Plan Mean (SD) | Engine Plant Mean (SD) | All Mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wrist goniometer measures | |||
| Mean F/E (°) | −14.75 (9.49) | −16.43 (9.91) | −15.50 (9.64) |
| Max extension | −68.39 (15.73) | −70.89 (10.90) | −69.53 (13.71) |
| Mean duration extension >45° (%time) | 6.76 (9.56) | 10.21 (13.49) | 8.38 (11.60) |
| Max flexion | 41.32 (15.23) | 51.23 (16.93) | 45.76 (16.65) |
| Mean duration flexion > 30° (%time) | 0.63 (0.82) | 1.26 (1.71) | 0.92 (1.34) |
| Mean R/U dev. (°) | −0.26 (6.32) | −1.39 (4.99) | − 0.74 (5.77) |
| Max ulnar dev. | −34.91 (10.64) | −36.64 (11.97) | −35.65 (11.18) |
| Mean duration ulnar dev. > 30° (%time) | 1.56 (4.27) | 1.76 (4.76) | 1.65 (4.46) |
| Max radial dev. | 32.20 (8.43) | 34.12 (13.27) | 33.03 (10.73) |
| Mean F/E velocity (°/s) | 25.7 (11.8) | 28.1 (11.9) | 26.8 (11.8) |
| Max extension velocity | −336.2 (139.5) | −379.5 (85.8) | −355.6 (119.6) |
| Max flexion velocity | 358.4 (129.1) | 382.7 (80.7) | 369.3 (110.0) |
| Mean R/U dev. velocity (°/s) | 16.3 (6.7) | 16.1 (7.8) | 16.2 (7.1) |
| Max ulnar dev. velocity | −194.4 (54.6) | −205.7 (65.1) | −199.2 (59.1) |
| Max radial dev. velocity | 186.2 (50.4) | 196.3 (64.5) | 190.5 (56.7) |
| Mean F/E acceleration (°/s2) | 207 (104) | 219 (102) | 212 (102) |
| Max extension acceleration | −3061 (962) | −3445 (928) | −3233 (959) |
| Max flexion acceleration | 3123 (1598) | 3454 (965) | 3271 (1353) |
| Mean R/U dev. acceleration (°/s2) | 129 (61) | 121 (61) | 126 (61) |
| Max ulnar dev. acceleration | −1719 (528) | −1838 (701) | −1770 (606) |
| Max radial dev. acceleration | 1687 (478) | 1816 (700) | 1743 (582) |
| Shoulder inclinometer measures | |||
| Mean elevation (°) | 43.5 (27.10) | 44.96 (30.95) | 44.23 (28.66) |
| Min elevation | 8.54 (26.01) | 4.02 (9.97) | 6.34 (19.76) |
| Max elevation | 138.60 (30.56) | 129.26 (38.92) | 134.05 (31.75) |
| Mean duration elevation > 60° (%time) | 18.46 (16.15) | 36.13 (24.84) | 27.53 (22.62) |
| Mean duration elevation >90° (%time) | 2.47 (4.32) | 7.63 (13.33) | 5.12 (10.22) |
| Grip electromyography measures | |||
| Mean grip force (lbs) | 18.85 (9.45) | 13.86 (7.58) | 15.60 (8.42) |
| Min grip force | 1.44 (0.88) | 1.21 (0.87) | 1.29 (0.86) |
| Max grip force | 85.41 (33.83) | 60.42 (20.06) | 69.11 (27.72) |
| Mean grip force (%MVC) | 17.65 (16.66) | 8.74 (5.77) | 11.84 (11.33) |
| Self-reported exposures | |||
| Overall physical exertion | 3.44 (1.74) | 3.21 (2.14) | 3.34 (1.91) |
| Pace | 4.14 (1.97) | 5.11 (2.61) | 4.55 (2.29) |
| Shoulder positions | 3.93 (2.21) | 4.68 (3.11) | 4.24 (2.63) |
| Arm positions | 3.42 (1.59) | 4.11 (2.97) | 3.71 (2.28) |
| Wrist/hand positions | 4.38 (2.56) | 6.03 (2.76) | 5.07 (2.75) |
| Manual effort | 4.58 (2.18) | 5.63 (2.49) | 5.02 (2.36) |
| Weight of typical part | 3.94 (1.80) | 3.77 (2.81) | 3.87 (2.24) |
F/E = flexion/extension; R/U = radial/ulnar; dev. = deviation; MVC = maximum voluntary contraction.