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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 4.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016 Jul;24(7):e62–e78. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-16-00086

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic diagram demonstrating the pyramidal approach of translational medicine. In this bottom-up approach, preclinical understanding of the disease process facilitates identification and development of biologic therapies. Therapies optimized in vitro are studied in small-animal and large-animal models and finally in clinical studies of safety and efficacy.