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Bar chart with sem (whiskers) showing the dose-dependent chondro-toxicity of bupivacaine one hour after exposure. The viability of chondrocytes was similar to that of the saline group after exposure to 0.125% bupivacaine (p > 0.05) for 15, 30 or 60 minutes. It decreased significantly after exposure to 0.25% bupivacaine for 30 and 60 minutes. Virtually no viable chondrocytes remained after exposure to 0.5% bupivacaine for 15, 30 or 60 minutes (*p < 0.05 vs normal saline).
