Table 5.
Mixed-model repeated measures analyses fixed effects for time, group, and time×group on key outcome variables.
| Variable and effect | Betaa | SE | t test (df) | P value | 95% CI | ||||||
| WSASb | |||||||||||
|
|
Time | 1.344 | 0.48 | 2.800 (544.48) | .005c | 0.401 to 2.287 | |||||
|
|
Group×Time | 0.196 | 0.684 | 0.287 (550.76) | .77 | –1.147 to 1.540 | |||||
| PHQ-9d | |||||||||||
|
|
Time | 2.395 | 0.31 | 7.736 (596.32) | <.001c | 1.787 to 3.003 | |||||
|
|
Group×Time | 0.144 | 0.44 | 0.326 (604.61) | .74 | –0.720 to 1.008 | |||||
| DDSe | |||||||||||
|
|
Time | 0.302 | 0.047 | 6.361 (518.94) | <.001c | 0.208 to 0.395 | |||||
|
|
Group×Time | –0.062 | 0.068 | –0.919 (523.64) | .36 | –0.194 to 0.070 | |||||
| GAD-7f | |||||||||||
|
|
Time | 1.009 | 0.264 | 3.825 (553.83) | <.001c | 0.490 to 1.526 | |||||
|
|
Group×Time | –0.276 | 0.375 | –0.736 (560.75) | .46 | –1.013 to 0.460 | |||||
| SMP-BGg | |||||||||||
|
|
Time | –8.253 | 2.278 | –3.623 (538.46) | <.001c | –12.727 to –3.778 | |||||
|
|
Group×Time | 8.98 | 3.248 | 2.764 (545.46) | .006c | 2.598 to 15.360 | |||||
| SMP-MAh | |||||||||||
|
|
Time | –3.126 | 1.24 | –2.520 (490.84) | .01c | –5.562 to –0.688 | |||||
|
|
Group×Time | 5.117 | 1.763 | 2.901 (496.65) | .004c | 1.651 to 8.582 | |||||
| SMP-HEi | |||||||||||
|
|
Time | –5.704 | 1.604 | –3.553 (527.04) | <.001c | –8.856 to –2.550 | |||||
|
|
Group×Time | 3.266 | 2.282 | 1.430 (532.61) | .15 | –1.217 to 7.750 | |||||
| SMP-PAj | |||||||||||
|
|
Time | –3.440 | 2.228 | –1.543 (559) | .12 | –7.816 to 0.936 | |||||
|
|
Group×Time | 0.083 | 3.165 | 0.541 (566.75) | .98 | –6.301 to 6.134 | |||||
aBeta: unstandardized regression coefficient for the effect holding constant age and sex.
bWSAS: Work and Social Adjustment Scale.
cSignificant at P<.05.
dPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item.
eDDS: Diabetes Distress Scale.
fGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 item.
gSMP-BG: Self-Management Profile for Type 2 Diabetes—Blood Glucose Monitoring.
hSMP-MA: Self-Management Profile for Type 2 Diabetes—Medication Adherence.
iSMP-HE: Self-Management Profile for Type 2 Diabetes—Healthy Eating.
jSMP-PA: Self-Management Profile for Type 2 Diabetes—Physical Activity.