Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the bulk droplet vitrification method. Hepatocytes which are preincubated with a low CPA concentration (bright green) are rapidly mixed in a special mixing needle (blue/green serpentine lines) with a high CPA solution (bright blue). The mixing dehydrates the hepatocytes which concentrates the pre-incubated intracellular low CPA concentration. Hepatocyte droplets are generated by the mixing needle which are directly vitrified in liquid nitrogen before the high CPA concentration can diffuse over the cell membranes.