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. 2018 Oct 11;143(3):1349–1376. doi: 10.1007/s11205-018-2012-2

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Conceptual framework for empowerment: Agent x is empowered if they are able to overcome barrier y to achieving outcome z, possibly posed by external agent w. The viewpoint v concerns whether we are primarily concerned with future opportunities for achievement (forward-looking) or past motivations for enacted actions (backward-looking)