Figure 1.

Metformin alters the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling axis while maintaining glucose regulatory effects. A, C, and D, Lactate production (A), glucose consumption (C), and fold change in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized; NAD⁺)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced; NADH) levels (D) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis lysate in the presence or absence of 1000 µM metformin for 24 hours, 48 hours, or 7 days. For panel A, data are from 2 individual experiments. For panels A–C, data are shown as means ± standard errors of the mean from 2–3 experiments and 6–9 donors. RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium. *P < .05 and ** P < .01, by the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test.