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. 2019 May 29;10:593. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00593

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Copyright © 2019 Tsoi, Chen, Gao, Wang, Yuen, Yang and Shen

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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AGNHW protected both brain tissues and microvessels in animals suffering from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain tissues and microvessels were obtained from ipsilateral sides of the brain of MCAO rats subjected to 2 h of ischemia and 22 h of reperfusion for Western blot analysis, gelatin zymography, and immunofluorescence study. (A and B) Protein expressions of apoptotic pathway, superoxide production, nitric oxide production, and nitration end-products in the brain. (C and D) Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in microvessels. (E) Gelatin zymography showing MMP activities in microvessels. (F and G) TJ protein expression in microvessels. (H) Immunofluorescence images on TJ proteins located in the cerebral cortex. Scale bar = 100 μm. All data are means ± S.E.M. The significance of differences was from Sham at **p < 0.01 and from MCAO at ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01.