Table 1.
Summary of the effect of maternal or paternal high‐fat diet (HFD) exposure or overfeeding and the metabolic traits on subsequent generations [F2 (second generation) and/or F3 (third generation)] in rodents. BW, body weight; BL, body length; GTT, glucose tolerance; ITT, insulin tolerance test, Chol, cholesterol, BG, blood glucose levels, IL, insulin levels; pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor‐1 (Pdx1), neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1). F, female, M, male
| Study | Maternal/paternal HFD exposure | Metabolic traits | Epigenetic mark | Sex | Generations | True epigenetic inheritance? | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarker et al., 2018 | Maternal, paternal | F2: ↑ BW (F,M), ↑ adipocity, ↓ ITT, ↑ Chol, ↑ IL (F,M) | No changes in sperm CpG methylation | F, M | F2, F3 | Yes | 144 |
| F3: ↑ BW (M), ↑ adipocity, ↓ ITT, ↑ Chol, ↑ IL (M) | |||||||
| Sarker et al., 2019 | Paternal | F2: ↑ BW (F,M), ↑ adipocity, ↓ ITT, ↑ Chol, ↑ IL (F,M) | ↑ sperm tsRNAs, predominantly 5' tRNA halves | F, M | F2 | Yes | Unpublished |
| Huypens et al., 2016 | Maternal | F2: ↑ BW | F, M | F2 | No | 155 | |
| King et al., 2013 | Maternal | F2: ↑ adiposity (M), ↓ IL, ↓ Chol | F, M | F2 | No | 156 | |
| Chambers et al., 2016 | Maternal, paternal | F2: ↑ adiposity, ↑ Leptin | No changes in the F0 intratesticular GC transcriptome | M | F2 | Yes | 157 |
| Huang et al., 2017 | Maternal | F2: ↑ BW, ↓ GTT, ↓ β‐cell, ↓ Pdx1, ↓ NeuroD1 | F, M | No | 158 | ||
| Gniuli et al., 2008 | Maternal | F2: ↑ BW | M | F2 | No | 159 | |
| Pentinat et al., 2010 | Maternal, paternal | F2: fasting hyperglycemia, ↓ GTT | M | F2 | Yes | 160 | |
| Fullston et al., 2013 | Paternal | F2: ↑ BW | F, M | F2 | Yes | 133 | |
| Masuyama et al., 2016 | Paternal | F2: ↑ BW, ↓ ITT, ↓ GTT, hypertention, ↑ Leptin, ↓ adiponectin (F,M) | Epigenetic modifications of the genes encoding adipocytokines adiponectin and leptin | F, M | F2, F3 | Yes | 161 |
| F3: ↑ BW, ↓ ITT, ↓ GTT, hypertention, ↑ Leptin, ↓ adiponectin (F,M) | |||||||
| Hanafi et al., 2015 | Maternal | F2: ↑ BG, BW | Alterations in sperm microRNA, ↓ global methylation of germ cell DNA | F, M | F2 | No | 162 |
| Dunn et al., 2009 | Maternal | F2: ↑ BL (F,M), ↓ ITT | Hypomethylation in GHSR CpG island (hypothalamus) | F, M | F2 | No | 163 |
| Dunn et al., 2011 | Maternal, paternal | F3: ↑ BL (F), ↑ GTT (M) | Changes in imprinted gene profile (liver) | F, M | F2, F3 | Yes | 132 |
| de Castro Barbosa et al., 2015 | Paternal | F2: ↑ BW | DNA methylation and miRNA in F0 sperm | F | F2 | Yes | 135 |
| Wei et al., 2014 | Paternal | F2:↓ ITT ↓ IL | DNA methylation in F0 sperm and F1, F2 pancreas | F,M | F2 | Yes | 164 |