Figure 6.

Staphyloxanthin photolysis and H₂O₂ effectively eliminate stationary‐phase MRSA, persisters, and S. aureus inside a biofilm. a) CFU mL⁻¹ of stationary‐phase MRSA after various treatments. Dose: H₂O₂, 22 × 10⁻³ m, 460 nm light, 120 J cm⁻² (N = 3). b) CFU mL⁻¹ of MRSA persisters after various treatments. Dose: H₂O₂, 44 × 10⁻³ m, 460 nm light, 120 J cm⁻² (N = 3). c) Fluorescence images of S. aureus with intact (cyan) and damaged cell membrane (red) inside a biofilm after various treatments. Scale bar = 10 μm. 460 nm light: 30 min exposure, 360 J cm⁻². H₂O₂: 0.045%, 20 min culture, then quenched by 0.5 mg mL⁻¹ catalase solution. d) Statistical analysis of survival percent of S. aureus inside the biofilms. Survival percent =N _Cyan/(N _Cyan + N _Red), where N _Cyan and N _Red represent the number of S. aureus with intact and damaged cell membrane, respectively. Error bars show SEM from at least three replicates. Unpaired two‐tailed t‐test (***: p < 0.001), *** indicates significant difference from the other three groups.